The First and Second World Wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The First and Second World Wars - Essay Example The French stance acted only as humiliation to Germany in many ways rather than creating a comity of the European States. The Treaty of Versailles which was viewed as a step towards stability in the international system became one of the underlying reasons for the Second World War. Peace was attained, but irrefragably for a short-term only. In contrast to the French response, the United States reaction after the Second World War was sangfroid to a greater extend. The American demands had very long-term results. Though it can be stated that both nations aimed to create a secure and war free enviromnent, the US was far more successful in this course, keeping Germany under check without deprivation of dignity. As France chaired the peace conference after World War I, it viewed Germany as the country responsible for the war and the destructions caused by it. The Treaty of Versailles was therefore advanced as a punishment to Germany. The Germans signed the treaty but proposed some adjustments. Although Germany never admitted a defeat, the humiliation caused to it because of the treaty and the strong urge to escape such bonds lead to the reasons of settling scores. The tactic France was using to establish peace, or its effort to strip Germany off, of any military power it had left to act against France in the future, did not succeed in the manner the French wanted. Keynes and the other critics of his likes were eager to criticize the treaty and the policies it laid down against Germany, still Clemenceau and many other French wanted a deliberate imposition of such policies to deform Germany of any sort of political, economic and military influences. The justifications France gave were that of the economic reconstruction. Despite any efforts, even if not pointed towards the right direction, to maintain peace, equilibrium of power within the nations was again disturbed and thus came the rise of the Nazis, lead by Hitler. It is deemed that the work of the British writer Keynes had provided German supporters all the arguments they needed against the reconstruction efforts of the Versailles Treaty. Justifications were passed out by the Germans that they should not have to pay for anything. And eventually came the Second World War. The United States Congress was uncomfortable with the Treaty of Versailles and did not approve it. They were of the opinion that the vindictive attitude of the French would eventually cause the Germans to react in aggressive manner, which ultimately they did. The Second World War is the largest and the most violent war in the history of humankind. During the war, the United States was in a far better strategic position, being a powerful state. By the end of war, the United States and the USSR inclined as two greatest powers of the world. Again, the misbalance in the equilibrium of power resulted in the great Cold War era. After the Second War, Marshall Plan was introduced as part of the European Recovery Program. Unlike the Treaty of Versailles, Marshall Plan was able to adopt a more justified approach in the distribution of resources. The United States was in a far better position than the French ever were after the first war. It was not only able to provide Europe with a secure reform plan, but also gained trust of the Europeans without taking material advantages of the situation. The United

Cultures in Conflict Essay Example for Free

Cultures in Conflict Essay The pleadings of the Duncc-za and Cree Indians on a fiduciary claim on January 12th 1987, which is known as â€Å"Aspassin versus the Queen†, basically evolved from Robin Riddington’s (1988) case presentation. In this regard, the article, Cultures in Conflict: the Problem of Discourse, laid down the question as to whether the court should resolve the case or just reproduce it. Basically, this paper will examine and analyze the underlying circumstances in the presented case. Review of Literature The Aspassin v. The Queen lawsuit was a legal claim from the Government of Canada by two Indian Chiefs, Joseph Aspassin and Gerry Attachie, who served as representatives of Blueberry River and Doig River bands of the Duncc-za and Cree Indian tribes. The claim historically referred to the Indian Act, Treaty No. 8 of 1899 (Riddington, 1988). The claimant’s counsel pleaded the Court to merit the fiduciary obligation emanating from the September 22nd 1945 meeting proceedings of authenticated documents from British Columbia to corroborate the evidence that suggested that the Department of Indian Affairs deviated from the proper transferring of title to the legal claimants and instead was awarded by the Veterans Land Administration to the soldier’s settlement program. Based on the decision of Justice Dixon of the Supreme Court of Canada, it was concurred that a breach of fiduciary obligation of the Federal Crown has resulted in the failure the granting of the estate to its legal claimants and real heirs. The claim was incorporated with the legal claimant’s and heirs’ uncompromised land use of the estate wherein the Indians’ primitive economic sourcing are fishing, hunting, and trapping only. In effect, a surrendering requirement for the land use must be enjoined and be recognized by the Court. However, on November 4th 1987, the claim became futile by the Court’s dismissal for the reasons that the Indians were grossly handicapped to be able develop the estate for a progressive and sustainable economic base. Testimonial Findings The September 1945 occupancy of the IR-72, Indians’ land, which called as a place where happiness dwells, was purposely for exploration of mineral resources, wherein the band of Indians area were promised by the government to be compensated with a initially payment of $10 each. The governments has then continuously engaged in oil and gas mining and expanded areas of exploration all throughout Fort St. John by encouraging Indian families to sell their landholdings. Moreover, the trial has extensively addressed the pleadings on the problem of discourse as it may affect to the Court’s interpretation of the issue. In addition, the cross-examination of the witnesses, involving elders of the Duncc-za and Cree Indians, have supported and merited the articulation of their counsel. In effect, the Supreme Court has derived its decision together with its recognition on the breach of fiduciary obligation by the Federal Crown, as likewise addressed to the Canadian Government being the liable government entity in the transition of estate’s the transfer to the questioned beneficiaries. Merits of Articulation The merits of articulation of the claimant’s counsels, Leslie Pinder and Arthur Pape, was supplemented in the case proceeding and substantiated the Supreme Court decision, which was acknowledged as a matter of legal inquiry and argument on the fiduciary obligation of the Federal Crown, so that the Canadian Government would recognize the â€Å"surrender requirement† in the Indian Act in order to prevent further mediation and meddling with the claimant. In other words, the Federal Crown has duly surrendered the claim without compromise of conveyance and meddling over the claimant’s disposition for the use of the estate that has been re-claimed. Further implied on the merits of articulation by the claimant’s counsels was their presumption that a problem of discourse was â€Å"central† to the case. It implied that the discourse, as a matter of understanding, traverses with different recognition, interpretation and way of thinking from cultural perspectives. In this connection, the Supreme Court has interpreted and understood the merits of articulation on the land use with inadequate consideration to the cultural life of the Indians. In other words, the Supreme Court’s decisions was solely meant for the Indians to able live their economic lives in what they called â€Å"the place where happiness dwells†, as referred to the estate being an economic base for fishing, hunting, and trapping. Adverse Claim The Supreme Court decision in dismissing the claim favors the government’s occupancy to landholdings of ancestral domain. It may be noted that the estate, upon deviation of land transfer to the soldiers land program by the Veterans Land Administration, has had oil reserve dated back from 1950’s to 1960’s. In which case, the merits of articulation on surrendering the land without prejudice to claimants has an adverse claim on Supreme Courts decision in dismissing the case that was causal to the reason of Indian’s inability to develop the being claimed estate. Obviously, meriting the â€Å"surrendering requirement† could isolate the chances of pre-disposal to government’s exploration of land resources. Furthermore, a conflict of interest may result from the adverse claim of the Supreme Court. The litany of the claimant’s counsels, Pinder and Pape, on the issue of â€Å"discourse† has long been acknowledged by the Supreme Court as a matter of pleading and interpellation of various witnesses and has exposed the conflict of cultures from the social lives of Indians as they were found to be unable defend themselves in legal disputes being illiterates. In short, this exposition may have further given the Court a leeway to recognize the problem of discourse and therefore discovered the incapability of Indians. The adverse claim of the Court may be interpreted in both legal and moral perceptions in social perspective. On the first ground, acknowledging the plea of breach in fiduciary obligation of the Federal Crown, which was a disadvantage of the Canadian Government, has basically merited the claim. On the succeeding legal argument, the plea may have been in accordance to the jurisprudential aspects of claim on the issue of discourse, but upon recognition, it has resulted in the adverse claim. It may be perceived that the Court studied well the merits of articulation—from the day the trial ended on March 27th 1987 until the Court rendered decision on November 4th 1987— which is about 8 months. To give contrast to the adverse claim, as previously presumed above, the moral obligation of the Court may have contested the issue of discourse for the reason that the Indians may be imposed with challenges on their capability to promulgate stewardship of the land, in which the witnesses have found the ability to recall or remember events then may determine how far the ability to acquire skills of making the land more productive is possible. With this pretext, the merits of articulation may have gone far from treatise on issue of discourse. Conclusion The case of ancestral domain reclamation is a continuing issue in most countries where governments insatiably and constantly expand economic occupancy, political jurisdiction, exploration of land resources and nationalizing the overall geopolitical system. These ancestral domains are descendants of communities that have outlived the inhabitants of present societies. The tribal communities and indigenous culture pose the problem of discourse specifically brought about by conflicts of cultural heritage. Throughout the overall discussion on this paper, the problem of discourse is presented in a complex environment of representation as it evolved in a court proceeding. The testimony of characters, as depictive of their roles, has long argued the issue of discourse, and yet the bottom line was the long struggle of the native Indians to have their place of happiness in a land taken away from them in 1945. Being native and indigenous people who have been drenched by the Whiteman’s conquest, the native Indians likewise seek their cultural identity in a land they only borrowed from their children. Because it is the children that will continuously dwell in their place of happiness. What the trial resolve is the merit of articulation on the issue of discourse. It was conclusive that the adverse claim of the Supreme Court has been founded upon the exposition of the articulation, with so much evidence that the Indians were incapable of tilling and giving welfare for their land. The stewardship of the land may oppose the preservation of ecology—in which the Indians’ source of living depended on fishing, hunting and trapping. Thus, it may be perceived from the Court’s decision was its moral authority that may however lie beneath the advantage of the Whiteman. Upon resolving the issue of discourse, the merit of articulation was judged by the historical struggle of the Indians in pursuit of the place where their happiness dwells. References Riddington, R. (1988). Cultures in Conflict: The Problem of Discourse. Page 273-289, International Summer Institute for Structural and Semiotic Studies (ISISSS), University of British Columbia.

First-principles Study of Spin Transport in Si-C Nanotube

First-principles Study of Spin Transport in Si-C Nanotube First-principles study of spin transport in Si-C nanotube with ferromagnetic contacts Surendra Jalu Abstract  Ã¢â‚¬â€ We perform first-principles calculations of spin-dependent quantum transport in a two-probe device, viz. Fe-SiCNT-Fe device in which (8,0) Si-C nanotube is sandwiched between two Fe electrodes. Substantial tunnel magnetoresistance and perfect spin filtration effect are obtained. The zero bias tunnel magnetoresistance is found to be several hundred percent, it reduces monotonically till the bias voltage 0.4 V, sees marginal increase at the bias of 0.6 V, and eventually goes to nearly zero after the bias voltage of about 1 V. The spin injection factor is 100% at the zero bias, it reduces sharply to 57% at the bias of 0.4 V, and remains reasonably high, in the range of 60%-75%, after the bias voltage of 0.6 V when the magnetic configurations of two electrodes are parallel. The spin-dependent non-equilibrium transport features can be understood by analyzing microscopic details of the transmission coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cients. Keywords — First-principles; Tunnel magnetoresistance(TMR); Spin injection; One-dimensional; Spin filter I. Introduction Si-C crystals have unique properties, including thermal stability, chemical inertness, high thermal conductivity, and others. These properties make Si-C materials an appropriate candidate for fabricating electronic devices operating in high power, high temperature environments. Recently synthesized Si-C nanometer materials, such as nanorods, nanowires and nanotubes, have attracted tremendous interest (1-4). These materials obviously broadened the application range of the Si-C crystals, especially in fabricating nanometer gas sensors, electronic devices, field emitters and other novel devices. Silicon carbide nanotubes have a great potential for application in chemical and biological sensors (Taguchia et al 2005a; Xie et al 2007). Recently, scientists have suggested to make silicon carbide nanotubes (SiCNTs) as a possible alternative to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for field emitting applications (Taguchia et al 2005b; Alfieri and Kimoto 2010), which has boosted the interest for SiCNTs and several studies on the electronic properties of SiCNTs can be found in the literature (Mavrandonakis et al 2003; Mpourmpakis et al 2006; Larina et al 2007; Muralidharan et al 2007; Wu and Guo 2007; Lakshmi et al 2008; Moradian et al 2008; Raidongia et al 2008; Voggu et al 2008; Wu et al 2008; Manna and Pati 2010; Zheng et al 2010). It is well known that CNTs undergo a semiconductor to metal transition (SMT) (Ren et al 2009) or metal to semiconductor transition (MST) (Lu et al 2003) when deformed. Therefore, it is of interest to understand how the semiconducting (8,0) SiCNT would behave when i t is brought in contact with ferromagnetic electrodes. On account of important applications in magnetoresistive random access memory [1], programmable logic elements [2] and magnetic sensors, the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effects in systems with spin-polarized transport are at the heart of spintronics [3] and attract many theoretical and experimental investigations. A basic magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) device consists of tunnel barrier separating two ferromagnetic (FM) layers which play the role of device leads. During a tunneling process, the spin-up and spin-down electrons from the metal layers traverse the nonmagnetic tunnel barrier with different Fermi wave function due to electronic structure of the ferromagnetic material. The electrical resistance of MTJ is therefore sensitive to the relative orientation of the magnetic configuration of the electrodes, resulting to a TMR [4]. Hence, the MTJs behave as spin valves [4–8]. It is possible to control the orientation of magnetic moments by imposing an external magnetic field in experiments [9,10]. It is important to note that, MgO-based MTJ has progressed at a rapid pace in recent years and produced the highest measured TMR at room temperature. When the electrodes and the tunnel barrier are all one-dimensional (1D) materials such as nanowires or nanotubes, it is experimentally feasible to achieve MTJ at the 1D scale. It is worth mentioning that Wang et al. [12] construct a 1D TMJ using Fe-doped carbon nanotubes and theoretically investigate its spin-dependent transport properties. What is a pity that, the zero bias magnetoresistance ratio is only ∠¼ 40%, which may restrict the spintronics applications in nanodevices where the large magnetoresistance ratio is desirable. Here, we theoretically investigate the spin-polarized transport of a 1D MTJ constructed by (8,0) SiCNT in contact with FM(Fe) electrodes. It is observed that (8,0) SiCNTs are semiconducting and we believe that it can be used as a tunnel barrier for 1D or molecular-scaled MTJ. In our work, We have chosen (8,0) SiCNT as the tunnel barrier and two semi-infinite FM materials, namely Fe, as electrodes. Significant TMR and perfect spin filtration effect are obt ained according to the first-principles calculations of spin-polarized quantum transport by adopting non-equilibrium Green’s function method combined with density-functional theory. TMR has already led to the construction of the present generation of magnetic data storage devices. However, in order to reach storage densities of the order of Terabit/inch2, a substantial down-scaling of the read/write devices is extensively expected. Such 1D MTJ and spin filter with diameter less than 1 nm may realize the storage densities of the order of Terabit/inch2 and hold promise for extensive spintronics applications of nanodevices. II. Model and method Our investigation is based on a recently developed self-consistent first-principles technique which combines the Keldysh non-equilibrium Green’s-function formalism (NEGF) with a self-consistent density-functional theory (DFT). The package we use is the Atomistix Toolkit [20], which incorporates the NEGF technique into the well tested SIESTA method [21] to realize the simulation of electrical or spin-polarized quantum transport in the molecular conductors under non-equilibrium situations. In the calculation, the local density approximation (LDA) in the form of the Perdew and Zunger [22] (perdew burke ernzerhof) exchange-correlation functional is used. Only valence electrons are self-consistently calculated, and the atomic cores are described by standard norm conserving pseudopotential [23]. The valence wave functions are expanded by the localized numerical (pseudo) atom orbitals [24]. The k-points sampling is 3, 3, and 200 in the x, y, and z direction, which has been proven to be enough to give the converged results. The convergence criterion for the Hamiltonian, charge density, and band-structure energy is 10-5 via the mixture of the Hamiltonian. The positions of C and Fe atoms at the interface of the device are relaxed until the force tolerance 0.05 eV/Ã… is achieved. The spin-current (spin-polarized charge current) is calculated [25] as I↑(↓) = e/h ∠« T↑(↓)(E, Vb) [F(E − ÃŽ ¼L) – F(E −  µR)] dE [R] Where F is the Fermi–Dirac distribution, ÃŽ ¼L and ÃŽ ¼R are the chemical potentials of left-electrode (L) and right-electrode (R) respectively, T↑(↓)(E, Vb) is the transmission coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient for spin channel ( ↑ , ↓ ) at the energy E and bias voltage Vb. While building SiCNT, it is utterly important to use optimum bond-length between Si and C atoms to obtain correct results which in our case, as mentioned in various literatures, is 1.78 Ã…. We couldn’t find the optimum bond-length between C and Fe atoms in literature but we were able to optimize a geometry that consisted of only a few atoms of Fe and C and this way we found the optimum bond-length between Fe and C atoms to be 2.04 Ã… (Fig. 4 (b)). The whole system (Fig. R) is divided into three parts from left to right in practical theoretical simulations: the left electrode, the central scattering region, and the right electrode. The left electrode and right electrode are exactly the same and are made of Fe atoms. Si-C nanotube acts as central scattering region between two electrodes. The whole structure contains 328 atoms (192 Fe, 72 C, 64 Si). 4 (a) 4 (b) Fig. 4(a) Fe-C bond-lengths in non-optimized geometry 4(b) Fe-C bond lengths in optimized geometry Fig. 4(c) Fe-SiCNT-Fe device III. results and discussions Fig. 2(a) and (b) plot the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics for the parallel magnetization configuration (PC) and the antiparallel magnetization configuration (APC) of the two electrodes, respectively. In the case of PC, the spin-up current (I↑) are always much larger than the spin-up current (I↓). The I↑ increases steeply with bias voltage especially after the bias of 0.8 V while on the other hand I↓ is almost negligibly small compared to I↑ at almost all bias voltages. The total equilibrium conductance of 0.0022G0 is found at zero bias, where G0 is the conductance quanta, G0 = 2e2/h. In the case of APC, I↑ and I↓ have almost the same values at all bias voltages. The total equilibrium conductance of 0.0095G0 is found at zero bias. From the I–V curves, we infer a TMR ratio using the common definition: TMR = (IAPC − IPC)/IAPC, where IPC and IAPC are the total currents in PC and APC, respectively. At Vb = 0 when all currents vanish, we calculate TMR using equilibrium conductance. Fig. 2(c) shows the TMR, where the RTMR ∠¼ 322% at zero bias is obtained, which indicate in the perfect tunneling magnetoresistance effect. It sharply decreases to ~ 80% at the bias voltage of 0.4 V, sees slight increase at the bias voltage of 0.6 V and gets reduced to almost zero after the bias voltage of 1 V. The TMR decrease with bias voltages because IPC increases at higher rate with bias voltages than IAPC. It is possible for TMR to assume negative value but in our case no such behavior is observed. The device structure presented here indeed has substantial TMR and could be utilized for spintronics applications. The spin-injection factor ÃŽ · which is defined by spin currents: ÃŽ · = mod(I↑ I↓) / (I↑ + I↓) are plotted in Fig. 2(d). At the bias voltage of 0.0 V, the current is 0 A and hence we use the equilibrium conductance represent current. For the case of PC, ÃŽ · is 99% at the zero bias, it monotonically reduces to 57% at the bias voltage of 0.4 and it increases and remains fairly within large values once the bias voltage goes beyond 0.4 V. The spin-injection factor ÃŽ · is as large as ~73% at the bias of 1.2 V and may even improve at higher bias voltages. For the case of APC, the ÃŽ · is meager ~49% at the zero bias. It’s dramatic that it reaches ~85% at the bias voltage of 0.2 V but then it keeps reducing with increase in bias voltages and attains very negligible values at the bias of about 1 V to 1.2 V. From Fig.R it is observed that in the case of PC the spin filtration effect manifests itself very clearly when the bias is above 0.4 V while in the case of APC no such effect is seen. The source of this behavior maybe originates from the quantum size effect which results in the quantized subbands in the cross section of 1D electrode. Detailed analysis is in the below. Spin injection into semiconductors has been measured experimentally using the optical techniques [26,27]. Such 1D TMJ contr olled spin injection into semiconductors should occur in devices that are smaller than a spin relaxation length in extent and have resistance that is limited by the insulating BNNT. The voltage dependent of spin current, TMR ratio and spin-injection factor can be understood from the behavior of the transmission coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cients [ T (E, Vb) ] , since the current is essentially given by the energy integral of the T (E, Vb) over the bias window [see Eq. (1)]. The T (E, Vb) for several bias are shown in Fig. 3, where the (a) and (b) are spin-up and spin- down channel of PC setup respectively and the (c) and (d) are spin-up and spin-down channel of APC setup respectively. For both PC and APC setup, these bias-depended T(E,Vb) have several sharp peaks especially after the bias of 0.35 V, due to quantized subbands in the cross section of the 1D electrodes, already mentioned above. The spin up channel contribute to the T(E,Vb) above the Fermi level and spin-down channel contribute both above and below the Fermi level. Refer to the notation from molecular transport theory [28] we can deduce that the spin-up channel conductance is through the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) while the spin-down channel conductance is through both the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and LUMO of pristine (6,0) BNNT in scattering region. From Fig. 3(a), one can see that the T (E, Vb) shifts to high energy but roughly maintains its shape when bias increases. The T (E, Vb) are all almost absolutely inhibited in spin-up channels around Fermi level, while in the spin-down channel the T (E, Vb) is smooth and several orders of magnitude larger than in spin-up channel around Fermi level. This is why the I↓ linearly increases while the I↑ is inhibited under the bias of 0.75 V, already discussed above for Fig. 2(a). As the bias increases, the electrochemical potential in the left electrode (ÃŽ ¼L) is shifted down, and that in the right electrode (ÃŽ ¼R) is shifted up. Hence, the bands in the two electrodes are shifted correspondingly [29–32]. When the bias increase beyond 0.75 V, a little resonance states A1 are induced around Fermi level showed in Fig. 3(a) for the bias of 0.75, 0.95 and 1.15 V, which originate from the alignment of the LUMO of left electrode with the HOMO of right electrode in spin-up channel because the bands in the two electrodes are shifted. These resonance states significantly enhance as bias increasing, which result in the rapid increase about I↑ after the bias of 0.75 V. Consequently, the rapid increase of I↑ also leads to the rapid decrease about ÃŽ · for PC setup after 0.75 V, already discussed above for Fig. 2(c). The bias dependent T (E, Vb) for APC setup are more complex than PC setup. From Fig. 3(c), one can see that the T (E, Vb) in spin-up channel roughly maintains its shape when bias increases. A little resonance states A2 below Fermi level, which presents for the bias of 0.00 and 0.15 V are removed after the bias of 0.15 V. As the bias increase, only a little resonance states above the Fermi level enter to the transport window (i.e., the part of transmission function in the bias window integrated to obtain the current) and contribute to the I↑, which result in very slow increase of the I↑. After the bias of 0.15 V, the T (E, Vb) shifts to larger energy and large resonance states are induced around Fermi level due to the alignment of spin-down states around Fermi level of left electrode with HOMO of right electrode in spin-down channel because the bands in the two electrodes are shifted. These induced resonance states continuously enhance as bias increase, which result in r apid increase of I↓. Eventually, the total current for APC setup exceed PC setup after the bias of 0.75 V, result in negative RTMR, already discussed above for Fig. 2(c). As mentioned above, the quantum size effect leads to the quantized subbands in the cross section of 1D electrode. Hence, there are two peaks in the induced resonance states around Fermi level after the bias of 0.35 V, showed in Fig. 3(d). When T (E, Vb) continuously shifts to higher energies, these two peaks pass the Fermi level one by one, which cause the oscillation about the spin-down conductance. Thus, the spin injection factor ÃŽ · is oscillating with bias in the APC setup. IV. conclusion We theoretically investigate the spin-polarized transport properties of V atoms doped (6,0) single-wall BNNT using non-equilibrium Green’s-function formalism with a self-consistent density- functional theory. The RTMR is as high as 789% at the bias of 0.05 V. It decays to zero and eventually to negative values when bias is increased. The ratio of spin injection is not below 99% until the bias of 0.55 V when the magnetic configurations of two electrodes are parallel. When the magnetic configurations of two electrodes are antiparallel, the ratio of spin injection oscillates with the bias. Our calculations indicate that it could design perfect 1D MTJs and spin filter using TMs doped BNNTs. The perfect TMR effect and spin filter effect are obtained. References The template will number citations consecutively within brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not use â€Å"Ref. [3]† or â€Å"reference [3]† except at the beginning of a sentence: â€Å"Reference [3] was the first † Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. Use letters for table footnotes. Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ names; do not use â€Å"et al.†. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited as â€Å"unpublished† [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as â€Å"in press† [5]. Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols. For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [6]. G. Eason, B. Noble, and I.N. Sneddon, â€Å"On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,† Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529-551, April 1955. (references) J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68-73. I.S. Jacobs and C.P. Bean, â€Å"Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,† in Magnetism, vol. III, G.T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271-350. K. Elissa, â€Å"Title of paper if known,† unpublished. R. Nicole, â€Å"Title of paper with only first word capitalized,† J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press. Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, â€Å"Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,† IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982]. M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.

The Story of Anne Frank Essay -- Essays Papers

The Story of Anne Frank Learning about the Holocaust can be extremely difficult due to the massive amount of information it entails. In addition, the Holocaust was a tragic event on so massive a scale it is hard to emotionally comprehend. Comparison is a common way of better understanding and exploring unknown topics. One further step is to bring the topic to a personal level, so one can actually relate known concepts and individual ideas to any new aspects. In other words, an individual in today’s society will receive a deeper and more thorough understanding of the Holocaust if able to compare with an individual living during the Holocaust. One individual who has made it possible to learn more about the Holocaust on a personal level is Anne Frank. This young Jewish girl preserved everyday events during the Holocaust in a diary she kept. For two years Anne was hiding from Nazis, and while imprisoned she used her diary for an escape mentally and emotionally. A quote from Eleanor Roosevelt describes her diary the best. "This is a remarkable book. Written by a young girl-and the young are not afraid of telling truth-it is one of the wisest and most moving commentaries on war and its impact on human beings that I have ever read." 1 This diary in every sense of the word is a "gift" given by Anne Frank, to all those who pursue learning of the Holocaust and to those who still await peace and satisfaction within their own hearts. Anne and her family moved from Germany to Holland even before World War II began. Anne’s father felt it was just as well to turn one’s back on Hitler’s Germany and be secure and protected by their adopted homeland, Holland. 2 Anne was only four when she was introduced to her new home. During the period ... ...k, 23. 7. Frank, 120. 8. Frank, 126. 9. Frank, 211. 10. Frank, 285. 11. Collier’s Dictionary, s.v. "typhus." 12. Frank, 211. 13. Miller, Internet. 14. Miller, Internet. 15. Graver, Lawrence. An Obsession with Anne Frank. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. Bibliography - Collier’s Dictionary, s.v. "typhus." - Gies, Miep, and Alison Leslie Gold. Anne Frank Remembered: The Story of the Woman Who Helped to Hide the Frank Family. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1987. - Graver, Lawrence. An Obsession with Anne Frank. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. - Frank, Anne. Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. Translated by B. M. Mooyaart- Doubleday. New York: Random House, Inc., 1952. - Miller, M. F., "Anne Frank Online," http://www.annefrank.com/ The Anne Frank Story

The Use of Mixed Narrative in Anthills of the Savannah

Explore the uses and effects of mixed narrative in Anthills of the Savannah By Emmanuel Sunil Anthills of the Savannah is set in the fictitious West African country of Kangan, a country which has been overrun with political instability ever since becoming an independent state from British rule. The novel centers on the lives of three civil servants, Christopher Oriko, Ikem Osodi and Beatrice Naynibuife, and all three serve three separate narrative voices in the novel, each sharing his or her own point of view. This provides the reader with a 360 degree picture of the situation by offering multiple points of view as well as enabling the reader to make judgments for him/ herself rather than relying on a narrator or a single character to supply descriptions of people and events. In this essay I shall consider detail the narrative roles of all three characters of the novel. Christopher Oriko is the Commissioner of Information in the cabinet of His Excellency, Sam. His duties bring him to close proximity to Sam and thus we obtain an insiders account of the political situation in Kangan. Chris informs us in the very first chapter of Sam’s frequent mood swings. In fact he goes as far as to say that â€Å"days are good or bad for us now according to how His Excellency gets out of bed in the morning†. Here, Chris indicates the dictatorial nature of Sam thus setting a stage for the instability in the government. Chris also has a very realistic opinion of the situation and he is careful in pushing for reform than his close friend Ikem, who he thinks is far too sensitive to the danger of angering Sam. A topic which is often considered in Chris’ narrative is the futility of Ikems editorials which makes Sam consider him as treacherous. Chris often defends Ikem; however he is getting â€Å"tired â€Å"of doing so. This difference in opinion and the fact that Ikem has more freedom leaves Chris with growing resentment towards Ikem, and the two seem to be drifting further apart as the novel progresses: â€Å"I can’t talk to Ikem any more. I am tired. And drained of all stamina†, says Chris in chapter eight. Ikem Osodi , who has replaced Chris as the editor of the state controlled National Gazette, feels that â€Å"the situation in Kangan can only be improved hrough reform†. The editor often writes sharp and editorials full of criticism towards the government, giving insights to the problems in Kangan (for example public executions). Ikem states that the best weapon against ineffective government is passion: â€Å"Passion is our hope and strength†, so mething that he feels immensely strong about and also reflects in his work, for example â€Å" Hymn to the Sun†, where Sam is compared to the sun as a metaphor to something that is immensely powerful yet equally destructive. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, His editorials often put him in conflict with Chris, who is now Ikem’s boss, however Ikem refuses any interference towards his work: â€Å"as long as I remain the editor, I shall not seek anybody’s permission to what I write†, however he still acknowledges that â€Å"there is a big danger doing this†. Despite the fact that he is an extremist, Ikem also adds humor through sarcasm ( â€Å"following a leader who follows his leader would be quite a circus†), and thus making the novel quite amusing at times. Beatrice Naynibuife is Chris’ girlfriend and also works in the government (in the ministry of finance). She has been intimate with Ikem, Sam and Chris at some point in her life and even though she is engaged in a relationship with Chris, she still gives us an unbiased outsider’s opinion about the situation between the three of them. For example in chapter five, she claims that â€Å"all three of you, are incredibly conceited. The story of this country, as far as you are concerned, is the story of the three of you. Although much of her narrative concerns her own past, she also tries to bridge the ever developing gap between Chris and Ikem; in chapter eight she tries to persuade Chris to talk to Ikem and work together to solve the mounting crisis of Sam’s power hunger ( trying controlling power similar to Idemili). Apart form these three; an unknown narrator also exists in the novel. While he does not give us any personal opinions like the other narrators, he give s details into African traditions such the story of the goddess Idemili. The different narrators of the novel give us different opinions about the same events that occur, and this as stated in the introduction gives a full and accurate picture of the current situation in the country. It is surprising that despite the novel being about the political instability and the unfortunate condition of the people; it is only the upper class that has a voice in the novel; a kind of metaphor indicating the division in the society and proving that it is only the upper class that has the power to bring about reform. Also, the mixed narratives do not follow a chronological pattern, which could symbolize the general state of confusion in the country. Achebe's use of multiple narrative voices indicates that history is more than a set of events in the past to be told; it is also the feelings and ideas that different people have about the events and at the same time focuses on the community rather than on the individual

Free Essays on The Killing Game

â€Å"The killing game† Before reading â€Å"The killing game† by Joy Williams, I considered myself a â€Å"non-hunter†. However, after reading â€Å"The killing game†, I had mixed feelings of how I felt about hunting. I think Williams unjustly stereotyped all hunters as being â€Å"immoral† without consideration for another point of view. I decided to look equally at both sides of this issue to determine which side, â€Å"non-hunter† or â€Å"anti-hunter†, I would support. I interviewed my friend, Dona Mayo, about hunting. I believed that she would know about hunting since she had hunted in the past and her father is an active hunter. She considers herself to be a â€Å"non-hunter† now but does support the rights of a limited amount of hunting for appropriate reasons. Her family always takes home and eats all the animals they kill. Any left over meat is donated to church or given to other families. Every edible part of the animal is eaten. The head is kept as a trophy if it has a good rack. They prefer to hunt deer, turkey and squirrel. At one point, in 1985 lots of people were laid off from work. They had to rely on hunting to supply them with meat when they could no longer afford to buy any. She did have a friend of hers that was involved in a hunting related accident. His name was Chris, when he was thirteen he had accidentally shot and killed his father by laying a gun that had a bullet lodged in the rifle while climbing a fence. It is illegal to hunt in state parks in Mississippi. Taxpayers pay extra for license to hunt in preserves, and the money hunters pay go towards the parks. She believes hunting illegally in parks should have license revoked, and pay fines and/or jail time. I finally asked Ms. Mayo how she felt of the comment from â€Å"The killing game†; â€Å"Sport hunting is immoral; it should be made illegal. Hunters are persecutors of nature who should be prosecuted.† She respon... Free Essays on The Killing Game Free Essays on The Killing Game â€Å"The killing game† Before reading â€Å"The killing game† by Joy Williams, I considered myself a â€Å"non-hunter†. However, after reading â€Å"The killing game†, I had mixed feelings of how I felt about hunting. I think Williams unjustly stereotyped all hunters as being â€Å"immoral† without consideration for another point of view. I decided to look equally at both sides of this issue to determine which side, â€Å"non-hunter† or â€Å"anti-hunter†, I would support. I interviewed my friend, Dona Mayo, about hunting. I believed that she would know about hunting since she had hunted in the past and her father is an active hunter. She considers herself to be a â€Å"non-hunter† now but does support the rights of a limited amount of hunting for appropriate reasons. Her family always takes home and eats all the animals they kill. Any left over meat is donated to church or given to other families. Every edible part of the animal is eaten. The head is kept as a trophy if it has a good rack. They prefer to hunt deer, turkey and squirrel. At one point, in 1985 lots of people were laid off from work. They had to rely on hunting to supply them with meat when they could no longer afford to buy any. She did have a friend of hers that was involved in a hunting related accident. His name was Chris, when he was thirteen he had accidentally shot and killed his father by laying a gun that had a bullet lodged in the rifle while climbing a fence. It is illegal to hunt in state parks in Mississippi. Taxpayers pay extra for license to hunt in preserves, and the money hunters pay go towards the parks. She believes hunting illegally in parks should have license revoked, and pay fines and/or jail time. I finally asked Ms. Mayo how she felt of the comment from â€Å"The killing game†; â€Å"Sport hunting is immoral; it should be made illegal. Hunters are persecutors of nature who should be prosecuted.† She respon...

History of cloning Essays

History of cloning Essays History of cloning Essay History of cloning Essay Although the word itself has merely been around for merely four decennaries, the thought of making an being indistinguishable to another has been around for centuries. Even nature has utilized this procedure. The existent procedure of unnaturally cloning has been about since earlier 1900s, even though it is heard of more frequently in the modern universe. Cloning began in 1894 with the first ringer of an being. Hans Dreisch was able to clone a sea urchin, and his research led to Hans Spemann s multiple efforts and successes of cloning throughout his scientific discipline old ages. As engineering advanced, Robert Briggs and Thomas King used Spemann s consequences to make the procedure of atomic transportation used in modern cloning techniques. After many arguments over fraud and moralss, the Roslin Institute becomes celebrated for its scientists who created some of the most celebrated ringers, including Megan and Morag, Dolly, and other sheep. The universe of c loning expands with the find of new engineerings, and the moralss argument additions as the possibility of human cloning is made more known through many known frauds and existent experiments. The construct of cloning is making an being with the same DNA as another. This means that the natural universe has been making ringers for 1000s of old ages. Such illustrations are indistinguishable twins and self-fertilized workss. However, unnaturally making ringers deliberately by atomic transportation is, compared to the beginning of natural cloning, a recent human experiment. Although cloning has been highly successful in this past decennary, of import constructs and big stairss have been taken over the past century. The first successful cloning effort was performed by Hans Dreisch in 1894, who cloned a sea urchin by insulating blastomeres. Dreisch separated the urchin embryo when it was two cells big, and both cells matured into grownup beings ( Cloning pg. 4 ) . This experiment and others disproved Wilhelm Roux and August Weismann s theory that stated: The egg and sperm contribute chromosomes every bit to the fertilized ovum. The chromosomes are bearers of the familial potencies, and the source cells ( gametes ) of the embryo are the lone 1s to transport the complete set of familial potencies ( atomic determiners ) , whereas each bodily ( organic structure ) cell type contains merely portion of these potencies required for the particular cell type ( Berardino 2 ) . By dividing the cells of a individual developing embryo to make two beings, Dreisch proved that the bodily cell contains all familial information. The following successful cloning experiment was conducted in 1902 by German Dr. Hans Spemann on salamander embryos, bring forthing twins. Spemann split the embryo utilizing a strand of hair from his newborn boy, and the two ensuing cells grew into normal grownup salamanders. These salamanders were artificially-created indistinguishable twins. He repeated his experiments many times, and created mutation animals. He concluded that in order to make a normal being, the cloning procedure must be completed before what he called determination, or the phase in growing where cells specialize into different cells for different parts of the organic structure. This phase is completed in the early growing of an embryo ( Cheng n.p. ) . However, cloning in mammals remained impossible, due to the fact that mammal eggs are unseeable to the bare oculus, while amphibious eggs are big plenty to be seen with the oculus, and enhanced plenty to be worked on with the engineering available during the early century. In 1928, Hans Spemann created yet another ringer, except this clip by the first of all time conducted atomic transportation. Ten old ages subsequently Spemann designed a fantastical experiment that, although technically impossible at the clip, became the footing for cloning ( Presbyterian College, par. 4 ) . This procedure involves his atomic transportation. This was done by taking the karyon of a salamander embryonic cell into a cell with the karyon removed. The cell was so allowed to split and turn into a new being. This experiment proved that the karyon of an early embryo cell can take to the growing of a separate being, and hence making a ringer of the DNA giver. His work was published in 1938 in his book, Embryonic Development and Induction ( Cheng n.p. ) . Spemann s fantastical experiment stated that it is possible to utilize a karyon of a differentiated cell. However, he lacked the engineering to turn out his theory correct. The following recorded cloning was completed 24 old ages after Spemann s salamanders. Robert Briggs and Thomas King used the atomic transportation technique described by Spemann on northern leopard toads. During this experiment, King and Briggs removed the karyon from a blastosphere cell. The nucleus so replaced the karyon from an egg ( Brownlee n.p. ) . However, most ringers created from a differentiated cell were unable to develop, and the few that did were unnatural ( Beetschen 608 ) ) . This emphasizes Spemann s theory that the cell must be obtained before finding. In 1958 nevertheless, F.C. Steward obtained cells from the roots of a mature carrot root, and was able to make a normal ringer. He proved the procedure of making a normal being by atomic transportation utilizing differentiated cells is possible, but for many old ages these consequences would merely be replicated in workss ( Cheng n.p. ) . One scientist whose experiments support the theory that utilizing differentiated cells for cloning is John Gurdon. He believed that all the cistrons were non lost, but merely expressed in a different manner. His experiments during the late fiftiess and early sixtiess involved transplanting intestinal epithelium-cell karyon from Xenopus ( laevis ) tadpoles into enucleated toad eggs and managed to bring forth 10 normal tadpoles ( Campbell n.p. ) . His success was a major milepost in the universe of cloning, nevertheless many people were disbelieving about his claims. Gurdon was able to add support to his experiments by animating his consequences. He produced more normal fertile grownup beings from differentiated grownup cells ( Campbell n.p. ) . However, it would take another three decennaries for his consequences to be reproduced by a different scientist and to stop a bulk of incredulity about the legitimacy of his experiments. The word clone was non genuinely created until 1963 when J.B.S. Haldane is credited to hold coined the existent word, taken from the Grecian word for branchlet. The scientists up until this clip were able to depict and finish this procedure without of all time utilizing the term cloning. Haldane introduced this name in one of his concluding address Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Following Ten-Thousand Years ( Thompson, par. 18 ) . Over a decennary subsequently, scientist Karl Illmensee and his helper Peter Hoppe make a study stating they cloned mice utilizing a individual parent. This was purportedly completed by dividing the cistrons from the male parent and female parent instantly after fertilisation, making two half-nuclei. Illmensee so removed one of the half-nuclei and used particular enzymes to clone the other half, purportedly making 7 mice ringers. Two old ages subsequently in 1979, he stated that he cloned another three mice by utilizing atomic transportation. However, both claims were challenged because of his leery activities in the lab. He refused to demo the experiment in public. Besides, a pupil accused that the micromanipulator used was broken at the clip of the experiments. Another pupil saw the trial tubing Illmensee claimed to be keeping mouse eggs but found them empty. Another piece of grounds used against him was produced by a fellow scientist. The scientist attempted to bring forth a ringe r utilizing merely one parent, but failed each clip. A committee was set up, and they decided his experiments to be scientifically worthless until reproduced. Illmensee s claims are still a subject of argument, and remain a contention ( Cheng n.p. ) . During the Karl Illmensee argument, another subject of fraud emerged. Celebrated scientific discipline author David Rorvik wrote the book In his Image: The Cloning of a Man in 1978, which he claimed to be nonfiction. The narrative is about a 67-year old millionaire who hired a scientist to in secret clone himself. Not merely did this cause a three old ages of United States Congress hearings which ended with the book being ruled to be fiction ( Thompson, par. 18 ) , it sparked the fire of the human cloning moralss argument ( Cheng n.p. ) . Finally, in 1984, a mammal was cloned by atomic transportation. Despite many efforts by old agricultural research workers to clone cowss, Danish life scientist Steen Willadsen cloned sheep utilizing the Deoxyribonucleic acid from early embryologic cells ( Cloning pg. 4 ) . Two old ages subsequently, Willadsen cloned a cow from one hebdomad old embryo cells which had become differentiated ( Cheng n.p. ) . This success proved the old theory that familial information decreased in a cell as it specializes wrong. This promotion was besides a immense spring in cloning research, assisting to take to the cloning of an being from an grownup bodily cell. The following sheep to be cloned was Tracy, who was born in 1990 at the Roslin Institute. The intent of this cloning was to bring forth genetically transformed sheep that would show valuable pharmaceutical merchandises in their milk ( McLaren 479-480 ) . In order to alter the sheep s familial traits, Tracy was injected with DNA concepts into her pronuclei while still an egg ( McLaren 479-480 ) , which is much easier to carry through utilizing cloning engineering ( Cheng n.p. ) . The protein that Tracy and her progeny are prized for is their high degrees of 1-antitrypsin in their milk, a drug used to handle cystic fibrosis, emphysema, and other diseases ( McLaren479-480 ) . This development was a major discovery in cloning, non needfully in the engineering of cloning itself, but what curative possibilities that are produced through cloning. A big panic of human cloning was reported in 1993. Jerry Hall and Robert Stillman researched in vitro fertilisation of eggs. The American scientists were researching how to increase the success rate of this type of fertilisation when they came up with happening a manner to clone a individual embryo into three or four embryos to increase the opportunities of a successful gestation. Their technique involved fertilising an egg by multiple sperm cells, which resulted in an embryo unable to populate for more than a few yearss. This was non existent human cloning, nevertheless narrative headlines emerged stating worlds had been cloned, rapidly making much unfavorable judgment ( Thompson n.p. ) . Although this was non a development of cloning, it greatly fueled the big moralss argument go arounding around human cloning. Contrary to popular belief, Dolly the sheep was non the first animate being to be cloned by differentiated cells. This award genuinely belongs to Megan and Morag, cloned 19 June 1995 by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell in the Roslin Institute at Edenburgh, United Kingdom. The secret to cloning utilizing differentiated embryo cells was found to be hungering the differentiated cell of foods, doing it to come in a suspended province of cell division known as the G0 province. Then the karyon is fused with the enucleated egg utilizing an electric current. Because the cell rhythm of the karyon was frozen, the two cell rhythms are synchronized, and the egg s cytol can, in kernel, reprogram the karyon and both begin turning at the same rate as the other, and turn as a normal embryo. However, the intelligence of Megan and Morag s success was rapidly overshadowed by the slaughter of schoolchildren in Scotland that occurred instantly after their imperativeness release ( McLaren 479-480 ) . Then, on 5 July 1996, the ill-famed Dolly was born utilizing a differentiated grownup cell by Wilmut and Campbell. Dolly, named because the cell she was cloned from was received from the bag of six-year-old Ewe Finn Dorset which reminded Wilmut of Dolly Parton and her big thorax ( Lit n.p. ) , was the first ringer from an grownup cell. The success of this experiment sparked more thoughts for utilizations of cloning. It could be used to mass-produce genetically indistinguishable animate beings for research on human diseases. This technique may besides assist xeno-transplantation, and continue wild or endangered species ( Cheng n.p. ) . One twelvemonth subsequently, Wilmut and his squad cloned yet another sheep named Polly. What made Polly unique was every cell had human DNA nowadays. Reasons for this experiment is for bring forthing human proteins to bring around human diseases, every bit good as variety meats for organ transplants ( Cheng n.p. ) . Because of the human cistron factor in this new development, the moralss argument elevated even further, going a chief issue in the modern universe. After Wilmut s successes with cloning utilizing grownup cells, a overplus of cloned animate beings was created within merely a few old ages. Examples of these animate beings include CC the cat in 2001, rabbits in 2002, human embryos for root cells in Korea in 2004, and a Canis familiaris in 2005 ( Fact Box n.p. ) . These and other cloning progresss continue to look in intelligence headlines as new developments occur in the scientific discipline field with more and more ringers. The thought of cloning has been developed centuries, while existent research and cloning has occurred for over a century. These mileposts will go on to look for many old ages, with the rate of the successes perchance go oning on its exponential addition.