The First and Second World Wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The First and Second World Wars - Essay Example The French stance acted only as humiliation to Germany in many ways rather than creating a comity of the European States. The Treaty of Versailles which was viewed as a step towards stability in the international system became one of the underlying reasons for the Second World War. Peace was attained, but irrefragably for a short-term only. In contrast to the French response, the United States reaction after the Second World War was sangfroid to a greater extend. The American demands had very long-term results. Though it can be stated that both nations aimed to create a secure and war free enviromnent, the US was far more successful in this course, keeping Germany under check without deprivation of dignity. As France chaired the peace conference after World War I, it viewed Germany as the country responsible for the war and the destructions caused by it. The Treaty of Versailles was therefore advanced as a punishment to Germany. The Germans signed the treaty but proposed some adjustments. Although Germany never admitted a defeat, the humiliation caused to it because of the treaty and the strong urge to escape such bonds lead to the reasons of settling scores. The tactic France was using to establish peace, or its effort to strip Germany off, of any military power it had left to act against France in the future, did not succeed in the manner the French wanted. Keynes and the other critics of his likes were eager to criticize the treaty and the policies it laid down against Germany, still Clemenceau and many other French wanted a deliberate imposition of such policies to deform Germany of any sort of political, economic and military influences. The justifications France gave were that of the economic reconstruction. Despite any efforts, even if not pointed towards the right direction, to maintain peace, equilibrium of power within the nations was again disturbed and thus came the rise of the Nazis, lead by Hitler. It is deemed that the work of the British writer Keynes had provided German supporters all the arguments they needed against the reconstruction efforts of the Versailles Treaty. Justifications were passed out by the Germans that they should not have to pay for anything. And eventually came the Second World War. The United States Congress was uncomfortable with the Treaty of Versailles and did not approve it. They were of the opinion that the vindictive attitude of the French would eventually cause the Germans to react in aggressive manner, which ultimately they did. The Second World War is the largest and the most violent war in the history of humankind. During the war, the United States was in a far better strategic position, being a powerful state. By the end of war, the United States and the USSR inclined as two greatest powers of the world. Again, the misbalance in the equilibrium of power resulted in the great Cold War era. After the Second War, Marshall Plan was introduced as part of the European Recovery Program. Unlike the Treaty of Versailles, Marshall Plan was able to adopt a more justified approach in the distribution of resources. The United States was in a far better position than the French ever were after the first war. It was not only able to provide Europe with a secure reform plan, but also gained trust of the Europeans without taking material advantages of the situation. The United

Cultures in Conflict Essay Example for Free

Cultures in Conflict Essay The pleadings of the Duncc-za and Cree Indians on a fiduciary claim on January 12th 1987, which is known as â€Å"Aspassin versus the Queen†, basically evolved from Robin Riddington’s (1988) case presentation. In this regard, the article, Cultures in Conflict: the Problem of Discourse, laid down the question as to whether the court should resolve the case or just reproduce it. Basically, this paper will examine and analyze the underlying circumstances in the presented case. Review of Literature The Aspassin v. The Queen lawsuit was a legal claim from the Government of Canada by two Indian Chiefs, Joseph Aspassin and Gerry Attachie, who served as representatives of Blueberry River and Doig River bands of the Duncc-za and Cree Indian tribes. The claim historically referred to the Indian Act, Treaty No. 8 of 1899 (Riddington, 1988). The claimant’s counsel pleaded the Court to merit the fiduciary obligation emanating from the September 22nd 1945 meeting proceedings of authenticated documents from British Columbia to corroborate the evidence that suggested that the Department of Indian Affairs deviated from the proper transferring of title to the legal claimants and instead was awarded by the Veterans Land Administration to the soldier’s settlement program. Based on the decision of Justice Dixon of the Supreme Court of Canada, it was concurred that a breach of fiduciary obligation of the Federal Crown has resulted in the failure the granting of the estate to its legal claimants and real heirs. The claim was incorporated with the legal claimant’s and heirs’ uncompromised land use of the estate wherein the Indians’ primitive economic sourcing are fishing, hunting, and trapping only. In effect, a surrendering requirement for the land use must be enjoined and be recognized by the Court. However, on November 4th 1987, the claim became futile by the Court’s dismissal for the reasons that the Indians were grossly handicapped to be able develop the estate for a progressive and sustainable economic base. Testimonial Findings The September 1945 occupancy of the IR-72, Indians’ land, which called as a place where happiness dwells, was purposely for exploration of mineral resources, wherein the band of Indians area were promised by the government to be compensated with a initially payment of $10 each. The governments has then continuously engaged in oil and gas mining and expanded areas of exploration all throughout Fort St. John by encouraging Indian families to sell their landholdings. Moreover, the trial has extensively addressed the pleadings on the problem of discourse as it may affect to the Court’s interpretation of the issue. In addition, the cross-examination of the witnesses, involving elders of the Duncc-za and Cree Indians, have supported and merited the articulation of their counsel. In effect, the Supreme Court has derived its decision together with its recognition on the breach of fiduciary obligation by the Federal Crown, as likewise addressed to the Canadian Government being the liable government entity in the transition of estate’s the transfer to the questioned beneficiaries. Merits of Articulation The merits of articulation of the claimant’s counsels, Leslie Pinder and Arthur Pape, was supplemented in the case proceeding and substantiated the Supreme Court decision, which was acknowledged as a matter of legal inquiry and argument on the fiduciary obligation of the Federal Crown, so that the Canadian Government would recognize the â€Å"surrender requirement† in the Indian Act in order to prevent further mediation and meddling with the claimant. In other words, the Federal Crown has duly surrendered the claim without compromise of conveyance and meddling over the claimant’s disposition for the use of the estate that has been re-claimed. Further implied on the merits of articulation by the claimant’s counsels was their presumption that a problem of discourse was â€Å"central† to the case. It implied that the discourse, as a matter of understanding, traverses with different recognition, interpretation and way of thinking from cultural perspectives. In this connection, the Supreme Court has interpreted and understood the merits of articulation on the land use with inadequate consideration to the cultural life of the Indians. In other words, the Supreme Court’s decisions was solely meant for the Indians to able live their economic lives in what they called â€Å"the place where happiness dwells†, as referred to the estate being an economic base for fishing, hunting, and trapping. Adverse Claim The Supreme Court decision in dismissing the claim favors the government’s occupancy to landholdings of ancestral domain. It may be noted that the estate, upon deviation of land transfer to the soldiers land program by the Veterans Land Administration, has had oil reserve dated back from 1950’s to 1960’s. In which case, the merits of articulation on surrendering the land without prejudice to claimants has an adverse claim on Supreme Courts decision in dismissing the case that was causal to the reason of Indian’s inability to develop the being claimed estate. Obviously, meriting the â€Å"surrendering requirement† could isolate the chances of pre-disposal to government’s exploration of land resources. Furthermore, a conflict of interest may result from the adverse claim of the Supreme Court. The litany of the claimant’s counsels, Pinder and Pape, on the issue of â€Å"discourse† has long been acknowledged by the Supreme Court as a matter of pleading and interpellation of various witnesses and has exposed the conflict of cultures from the social lives of Indians as they were found to be unable defend themselves in legal disputes being illiterates. In short, this exposition may have further given the Court a leeway to recognize the problem of discourse and therefore discovered the incapability of Indians. The adverse claim of the Court may be interpreted in both legal and moral perceptions in social perspective. On the first ground, acknowledging the plea of breach in fiduciary obligation of the Federal Crown, which was a disadvantage of the Canadian Government, has basically merited the claim. On the succeeding legal argument, the plea may have been in accordance to the jurisprudential aspects of claim on the issue of discourse, but upon recognition, it has resulted in the adverse claim. It may be perceived that the Court studied well the merits of articulation—from the day the trial ended on March 27th 1987 until the Court rendered decision on November 4th 1987— which is about 8 months. To give contrast to the adverse claim, as previously presumed above, the moral obligation of the Court may have contested the issue of discourse for the reason that the Indians may be imposed with challenges on their capability to promulgate stewardship of the land, in which the witnesses have found the ability to recall or remember events then may determine how far the ability to acquire skills of making the land more productive is possible. With this pretext, the merits of articulation may have gone far from treatise on issue of discourse. Conclusion The case of ancestral domain reclamation is a continuing issue in most countries where governments insatiably and constantly expand economic occupancy, political jurisdiction, exploration of land resources and nationalizing the overall geopolitical system. These ancestral domains are descendants of communities that have outlived the inhabitants of present societies. The tribal communities and indigenous culture pose the problem of discourse specifically brought about by conflicts of cultural heritage. Throughout the overall discussion on this paper, the problem of discourse is presented in a complex environment of representation as it evolved in a court proceeding. The testimony of characters, as depictive of their roles, has long argued the issue of discourse, and yet the bottom line was the long struggle of the native Indians to have their place of happiness in a land taken away from them in 1945. Being native and indigenous people who have been drenched by the Whiteman’s conquest, the native Indians likewise seek their cultural identity in a land they only borrowed from their children. Because it is the children that will continuously dwell in their place of happiness. What the trial resolve is the merit of articulation on the issue of discourse. It was conclusive that the adverse claim of the Supreme Court has been founded upon the exposition of the articulation, with so much evidence that the Indians were incapable of tilling and giving welfare for their land. The stewardship of the land may oppose the preservation of ecology—in which the Indians’ source of living depended on fishing, hunting and trapping. Thus, it may be perceived from the Court’s decision was its moral authority that may however lie beneath the advantage of the Whiteman. Upon resolving the issue of discourse, the merit of articulation was judged by the historical struggle of the Indians in pursuit of the place where their happiness dwells. References Riddington, R. (1988). Cultures in Conflict: The Problem of Discourse. Page 273-289, International Summer Institute for Structural and Semiotic Studies (ISISSS), University of British Columbia.

First-principles Study of Spin Transport in Si-C Nanotube

First-principles Study of Spin Transport in Si-C Nanotube First-principles study of spin transport in Si-C nanotube with ferromagnetic contacts Surendra Jalu Abstract  Ã¢â‚¬â€ We perform first-principles calculations of spin-dependent quantum transport in a two-probe device, viz. Fe-SiCNT-Fe device in which (8,0) Si-C nanotube is sandwiched between two Fe electrodes. Substantial tunnel magnetoresistance and perfect spin filtration effect are obtained. The zero bias tunnel magnetoresistance is found to be several hundred percent, it reduces monotonically till the bias voltage 0.4 V, sees marginal increase at the bias of 0.6 V, and eventually goes to nearly zero after the bias voltage of about 1 V. The spin injection factor is 100% at the zero bias, it reduces sharply to 57% at the bias of 0.4 V, and remains reasonably high, in the range of 60%-75%, after the bias voltage of 0.6 V when the magnetic configurations of two electrodes are parallel. The spin-dependent non-equilibrium transport features can be understood by analyzing microscopic details of the transmission coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cients. Keywords — First-principles; Tunnel magnetoresistance(TMR); Spin injection; One-dimensional; Spin filter I. Introduction Si-C crystals have unique properties, including thermal stability, chemical inertness, high thermal conductivity, and others. These properties make Si-C materials an appropriate candidate for fabricating electronic devices operating in high power, high temperature environments. Recently synthesized Si-C nanometer materials, such as nanorods, nanowires and nanotubes, have attracted tremendous interest (1-4). These materials obviously broadened the application range of the Si-C crystals, especially in fabricating nanometer gas sensors, electronic devices, field emitters and other novel devices. Silicon carbide nanotubes have a great potential for application in chemical and biological sensors (Taguchia et al 2005a; Xie et al 2007). Recently, scientists have suggested to make silicon carbide nanotubes (SiCNTs) as a possible alternative to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for field emitting applications (Taguchia et al 2005b; Alfieri and Kimoto 2010), which has boosted the interest for SiCNTs and several studies on the electronic properties of SiCNTs can be found in the literature (Mavrandonakis et al 2003; Mpourmpakis et al 2006; Larina et al 2007; Muralidharan et al 2007; Wu and Guo 2007; Lakshmi et al 2008; Moradian et al 2008; Raidongia et al 2008; Voggu et al 2008; Wu et al 2008; Manna and Pati 2010; Zheng et al 2010). It is well known that CNTs undergo a semiconductor to metal transition (SMT) (Ren et al 2009) or metal to semiconductor transition (MST) (Lu et al 2003) when deformed. Therefore, it is of interest to understand how the semiconducting (8,0) SiCNT would behave when i t is brought in contact with ferromagnetic electrodes. On account of important applications in magnetoresistive random access memory [1], programmable logic elements [2] and magnetic sensors, the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effects in systems with spin-polarized transport are at the heart of spintronics [3] and attract many theoretical and experimental investigations. A basic magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) device consists of tunnel barrier separating two ferromagnetic (FM) layers which play the role of device leads. During a tunneling process, the spin-up and spin-down electrons from the metal layers traverse the nonmagnetic tunnel barrier with different Fermi wave function due to electronic structure of the ferromagnetic material. The electrical resistance of MTJ is therefore sensitive to the relative orientation of the magnetic configuration of the electrodes, resulting to a TMR [4]. Hence, the MTJs behave as spin valves [4–8]. It is possible to control the orientation of magnetic moments by imposing an external magnetic field in experiments [9,10]. It is important to note that, MgO-based MTJ has progressed at a rapid pace in recent years and produced the highest measured TMR at room temperature. When the electrodes and the tunnel barrier are all one-dimensional (1D) materials such as nanowires or nanotubes, it is experimentally feasible to achieve MTJ at the 1D scale. It is worth mentioning that Wang et al. [12] construct a 1D TMJ using Fe-doped carbon nanotubes and theoretically investigate its spin-dependent transport properties. What is a pity that, the zero bias magnetoresistance ratio is only ∠¼ 40%, which may restrict the spintronics applications in nanodevices where the large magnetoresistance ratio is desirable. Here, we theoretically investigate the spin-polarized transport of a 1D MTJ constructed by (8,0) SiCNT in contact with FM(Fe) electrodes. It is observed that (8,0) SiCNTs are semiconducting and we believe that it can be used as a tunnel barrier for 1D or molecular-scaled MTJ. In our work, We have chosen (8,0) SiCNT as the tunnel barrier and two semi-infinite FM materials, namely Fe, as electrodes. Significant TMR and perfect spin filtration effect are obt ained according to the first-principles calculations of spin-polarized quantum transport by adopting non-equilibrium Green’s function method combined with density-functional theory. TMR has already led to the construction of the present generation of magnetic data storage devices. However, in order to reach storage densities of the order of Terabit/inch2, a substantial down-scaling of the read/write devices is extensively expected. Such 1D MTJ and spin filter with diameter less than 1 nm may realize the storage densities of the order of Terabit/inch2 and hold promise for extensive spintronics applications of nanodevices. II. Model and method Our investigation is based on a recently developed self-consistent first-principles technique which combines the Keldysh non-equilibrium Green’s-function formalism (NEGF) with a self-consistent density-functional theory (DFT). The package we use is the Atomistix Toolkit [20], which incorporates the NEGF technique into the well tested SIESTA method [21] to realize the simulation of electrical or spin-polarized quantum transport in the molecular conductors under non-equilibrium situations. In the calculation, the local density approximation (LDA) in the form of the Perdew and Zunger [22] (perdew burke ernzerhof) exchange-correlation functional is used. Only valence electrons are self-consistently calculated, and the atomic cores are described by standard norm conserving pseudopotential [23]. The valence wave functions are expanded by the localized numerical (pseudo) atom orbitals [24]. The k-points sampling is 3, 3, and 200 in the x, y, and z direction, which has been proven to be enough to give the converged results. The convergence criterion for the Hamiltonian, charge density, and band-structure energy is 10-5 via the mixture of the Hamiltonian. The positions of C and Fe atoms at the interface of the device are relaxed until the force tolerance 0.05 eV/Ã… is achieved. The spin-current (spin-polarized charge current) is calculated [25] as I↑(↓) = e/h ∠« T↑(↓)(E, Vb) [F(E − ÃŽ ¼L) – F(E −  µR)] dE [R] Where F is the Fermi–Dirac distribution, ÃŽ ¼L and ÃŽ ¼R are the chemical potentials of left-electrode (L) and right-electrode (R) respectively, T↑(↓)(E, Vb) is the transmission coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient for spin channel ( ↑ , ↓ ) at the energy E and bias voltage Vb. While building SiCNT, it is utterly important to use optimum bond-length between Si and C atoms to obtain correct results which in our case, as mentioned in various literatures, is 1.78 Ã…. We couldn’t find the optimum bond-length between C and Fe atoms in literature but we were able to optimize a geometry that consisted of only a few atoms of Fe and C and this way we found the optimum bond-length between Fe and C atoms to be 2.04 Ã… (Fig. 4 (b)). The whole system (Fig. R) is divided into three parts from left to right in practical theoretical simulations: the left electrode, the central scattering region, and the right electrode. The left electrode and right electrode are exactly the same and are made of Fe atoms. Si-C nanotube acts as central scattering region between two electrodes. The whole structure contains 328 atoms (192 Fe, 72 C, 64 Si). 4 (a) 4 (b) Fig. 4(a) Fe-C bond-lengths in non-optimized geometry 4(b) Fe-C bond lengths in optimized geometry Fig. 4(c) Fe-SiCNT-Fe device III. results and discussions Fig. 2(a) and (b) plot the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics for the parallel magnetization configuration (PC) and the antiparallel magnetization configuration (APC) of the two electrodes, respectively. In the case of PC, the spin-up current (I↑) are always much larger than the spin-up current (I↓). The I↑ increases steeply with bias voltage especially after the bias of 0.8 V while on the other hand I↓ is almost negligibly small compared to I↑ at almost all bias voltages. The total equilibrium conductance of 0.0022G0 is found at zero bias, where G0 is the conductance quanta, G0 = 2e2/h. In the case of APC, I↑ and I↓ have almost the same values at all bias voltages. The total equilibrium conductance of 0.0095G0 is found at zero bias. From the I–V curves, we infer a TMR ratio using the common definition: TMR = (IAPC − IPC)/IAPC, where IPC and IAPC are the total currents in PC and APC, respectively. At Vb = 0 when all currents vanish, we calculate TMR using equilibrium conductance. Fig. 2(c) shows the TMR, where the RTMR ∠¼ 322% at zero bias is obtained, which indicate in the perfect tunneling magnetoresistance effect. It sharply decreases to ~ 80% at the bias voltage of 0.4 V, sees slight increase at the bias voltage of 0.6 V and gets reduced to almost zero after the bias voltage of 1 V. The TMR decrease with bias voltages because IPC increases at higher rate with bias voltages than IAPC. It is possible for TMR to assume negative value but in our case no such behavior is observed. The device structure presented here indeed has substantial TMR and could be utilized for spintronics applications. The spin-injection factor ÃŽ · which is defined by spin currents: ÃŽ · = mod(I↑ I↓) / (I↑ + I↓) are plotted in Fig. 2(d). At the bias voltage of 0.0 V, the current is 0 A and hence we use the equilibrium conductance represent current. For the case of PC, ÃŽ · is 99% at the zero bias, it monotonically reduces to 57% at the bias voltage of 0.4 and it increases and remains fairly within large values once the bias voltage goes beyond 0.4 V. The spin-injection factor ÃŽ · is as large as ~73% at the bias of 1.2 V and may even improve at higher bias voltages. For the case of APC, the ÃŽ · is meager ~49% at the zero bias. It’s dramatic that it reaches ~85% at the bias voltage of 0.2 V but then it keeps reducing with increase in bias voltages and attains very negligible values at the bias of about 1 V to 1.2 V. From Fig.R it is observed that in the case of PC the spin filtration effect manifests itself very clearly when the bias is above 0.4 V while in the case of APC no such effect is seen. The source of this behavior maybe originates from the quantum size effect which results in the quantized subbands in the cross section of 1D electrode. Detailed analysis is in the below. Spin injection into semiconductors has been measured experimentally using the optical techniques [26,27]. Such 1D TMJ contr olled spin injection into semiconductors should occur in devices that are smaller than a spin relaxation length in extent and have resistance that is limited by the insulating BNNT. The voltage dependent of spin current, TMR ratio and spin-injection factor can be understood from the behavior of the transmission coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cients [ T (E, Vb) ] , since the current is essentially given by the energy integral of the T (E, Vb) over the bias window [see Eq. (1)]. The T (E, Vb) for several bias are shown in Fig. 3, where the (a) and (b) are spin-up and spin- down channel of PC setup respectively and the (c) and (d) are spin-up and spin-down channel of APC setup respectively. For both PC and APC setup, these bias-depended T(E,Vb) have several sharp peaks especially after the bias of 0.35 V, due to quantized subbands in the cross section of the 1D electrodes, already mentioned above. The spin up channel contribute to the T(E,Vb) above the Fermi level and spin-down channel contribute both above and below the Fermi level. Refer to the notation from molecular transport theory [28] we can deduce that the spin-up channel conductance is through the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) while the spin-down channel conductance is through both the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and LUMO of pristine (6,0) BNNT in scattering region. From Fig. 3(a), one can see that the T (E, Vb) shifts to high energy but roughly maintains its shape when bias increases. The T (E, Vb) are all almost absolutely inhibited in spin-up channels around Fermi level, while in the spin-down channel the T (E, Vb) is smooth and several orders of magnitude larger than in spin-up channel around Fermi level. This is why the I↓ linearly increases while the I↑ is inhibited under the bias of 0.75 V, already discussed above for Fig. 2(a). As the bias increases, the electrochemical potential in the left electrode (ÃŽ ¼L) is shifted down, and that in the right electrode (ÃŽ ¼R) is shifted up. Hence, the bands in the two electrodes are shifted correspondingly [29–32]. When the bias increase beyond 0.75 V, a little resonance states A1 are induced around Fermi level showed in Fig. 3(a) for the bias of 0.75, 0.95 and 1.15 V, which originate from the alignment of the LUMO of left electrode with the HOMO of right electrode in spin-up channel because the bands in the two electrodes are shifted. These resonance states significantly enhance as bias increasing, which result in the rapid increase about I↑ after the bias of 0.75 V. Consequently, the rapid increase of I↑ also leads to the rapid decrease about ÃŽ · for PC setup after 0.75 V, already discussed above for Fig. 2(c). The bias dependent T (E, Vb) for APC setup are more complex than PC setup. From Fig. 3(c), one can see that the T (E, Vb) in spin-up channel roughly maintains its shape when bias increases. A little resonance states A2 below Fermi level, which presents for the bias of 0.00 and 0.15 V are removed after the bias of 0.15 V. As the bias increase, only a little resonance states above the Fermi level enter to the transport window (i.e., the part of transmission function in the bias window integrated to obtain the current) and contribute to the I↑, which result in very slow increase of the I↑. After the bias of 0.15 V, the T (E, Vb) shifts to larger energy and large resonance states are induced around Fermi level due to the alignment of spin-down states around Fermi level of left electrode with HOMO of right electrode in spin-down channel because the bands in the two electrodes are shifted. These induced resonance states continuously enhance as bias increase, which result in r apid increase of I↓. Eventually, the total current for APC setup exceed PC setup after the bias of 0.75 V, result in negative RTMR, already discussed above for Fig. 2(c). As mentioned above, the quantum size effect leads to the quantized subbands in the cross section of 1D electrode. Hence, there are two peaks in the induced resonance states around Fermi level after the bias of 0.35 V, showed in Fig. 3(d). When T (E, Vb) continuously shifts to higher energies, these two peaks pass the Fermi level one by one, which cause the oscillation about the spin-down conductance. Thus, the spin injection factor ÃŽ · is oscillating with bias in the APC setup. IV. conclusion We theoretically investigate the spin-polarized transport properties of V atoms doped (6,0) single-wall BNNT using non-equilibrium Green’s-function formalism with a self-consistent density- functional theory. The RTMR is as high as 789% at the bias of 0.05 V. It decays to zero and eventually to negative values when bias is increased. The ratio of spin injection is not below 99% until the bias of 0.55 V when the magnetic configurations of two electrodes are parallel. When the magnetic configurations of two electrodes are antiparallel, the ratio of spin injection oscillates with the bias. Our calculations indicate that it could design perfect 1D MTJs and spin filter using TMs doped BNNTs. The perfect TMR effect and spin filter effect are obtained. References The template will number citations consecutively within brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not use â€Å"Ref. [3]† or â€Å"reference [3]† except at the beginning of a sentence: â€Å"Reference [3] was the first † Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. Use letters for table footnotes. Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ names; do not use â€Å"et al.†. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited as â€Å"unpublished† [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as â€Å"in press† [5]. Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols. For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [6]. G. Eason, B. Noble, and I.N. Sneddon, â€Å"On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,† Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529-551, April 1955. (references) J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68-73. I.S. Jacobs and C.P. Bean, â€Å"Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,† in Magnetism, vol. III, G.T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271-350. K. Elissa, â€Å"Title of paper if known,† unpublished. R. Nicole, â€Å"Title of paper with only first word capitalized,† J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press. Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, â€Å"Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,† IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982]. M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.

The Story of Anne Frank Essay -- Essays Papers

The Story of Anne Frank Learning about the Holocaust can be extremely difficult due to the massive amount of information it entails. In addition, the Holocaust was a tragic event on so massive a scale it is hard to emotionally comprehend. Comparison is a common way of better understanding and exploring unknown topics. One further step is to bring the topic to a personal level, so one can actually relate known concepts and individual ideas to any new aspects. In other words, an individual in today’s society will receive a deeper and more thorough understanding of the Holocaust if able to compare with an individual living during the Holocaust. One individual who has made it possible to learn more about the Holocaust on a personal level is Anne Frank. This young Jewish girl preserved everyday events during the Holocaust in a diary she kept. For two years Anne was hiding from Nazis, and while imprisoned she used her diary for an escape mentally and emotionally. A quote from Eleanor Roosevelt describes her diary the best. "This is a remarkable book. Written by a young girl-and the young are not afraid of telling truth-it is one of the wisest and most moving commentaries on war and its impact on human beings that I have ever read." 1 This diary in every sense of the word is a "gift" given by Anne Frank, to all those who pursue learning of the Holocaust and to those who still await peace and satisfaction within their own hearts. Anne and her family moved from Germany to Holland even before World War II began. Anne’s father felt it was just as well to turn one’s back on Hitler’s Germany and be secure and protected by their adopted homeland, Holland. 2 Anne was only four when she was introduced to her new home. During the period ... ...k, 23. 7. Frank, 120. 8. Frank, 126. 9. Frank, 211. 10. Frank, 285. 11. Collier’s Dictionary, s.v. "typhus." 12. Frank, 211. 13. Miller, Internet. 14. Miller, Internet. 15. Graver, Lawrence. An Obsession with Anne Frank. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. Bibliography - Collier’s Dictionary, s.v. "typhus." - Gies, Miep, and Alison Leslie Gold. Anne Frank Remembered: The Story of the Woman Who Helped to Hide the Frank Family. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1987. - Graver, Lawrence. An Obsession with Anne Frank. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. - Frank, Anne. Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. Translated by B. M. Mooyaart- Doubleday. New York: Random House, Inc., 1952. - Miller, M. F., "Anne Frank Online," http://www.annefrank.com/ The Anne Frank Story

The Use of Mixed Narrative in Anthills of the Savannah

Explore the uses and effects of mixed narrative in Anthills of the Savannah By Emmanuel Sunil Anthills of the Savannah is set in the fictitious West African country of Kangan, a country which has been overrun with political instability ever since becoming an independent state from British rule. The novel centers on the lives of three civil servants, Christopher Oriko, Ikem Osodi and Beatrice Naynibuife, and all three serve three separate narrative voices in the novel, each sharing his or her own point of view. This provides the reader with a 360 degree picture of the situation by offering multiple points of view as well as enabling the reader to make judgments for him/ herself rather than relying on a narrator or a single character to supply descriptions of people and events. In this essay I shall consider detail the narrative roles of all three characters of the novel. Christopher Oriko is the Commissioner of Information in the cabinet of His Excellency, Sam. His duties bring him to close proximity to Sam and thus we obtain an insiders account of the political situation in Kangan. Chris informs us in the very first chapter of Sam’s frequent mood swings. In fact he goes as far as to say that â€Å"days are good or bad for us now according to how His Excellency gets out of bed in the morning†. Here, Chris indicates the dictatorial nature of Sam thus setting a stage for the instability in the government. Chris also has a very realistic opinion of the situation and he is careful in pushing for reform than his close friend Ikem, who he thinks is far too sensitive to the danger of angering Sam. A topic which is often considered in Chris’ narrative is the futility of Ikems editorials which makes Sam consider him as treacherous. Chris often defends Ikem; however he is getting â€Å"tired â€Å"of doing so. This difference in opinion and the fact that Ikem has more freedom leaves Chris with growing resentment towards Ikem, and the two seem to be drifting further apart as the novel progresses: â€Å"I can’t talk to Ikem any more. I am tired. And drained of all stamina†, says Chris in chapter eight. Ikem Osodi , who has replaced Chris as the editor of the state controlled National Gazette, feels that â€Å"the situation in Kangan can only be improved hrough reform†. The editor often writes sharp and editorials full of criticism towards the government, giving insights to the problems in Kangan (for example public executions). Ikem states that the best weapon against ineffective government is passion: â€Å"Passion is our hope and strength†, so mething that he feels immensely strong about and also reflects in his work, for example â€Å" Hymn to the Sun†, where Sam is compared to the sun as a metaphor to something that is immensely powerful yet equally destructive. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, His editorials often put him in conflict with Chris, who is now Ikem’s boss, however Ikem refuses any interference towards his work: â€Å"as long as I remain the editor, I shall not seek anybody’s permission to what I write†, however he still acknowledges that â€Å"there is a big danger doing this†. Despite the fact that he is an extremist, Ikem also adds humor through sarcasm ( â€Å"following a leader who follows his leader would be quite a circus†), and thus making the novel quite amusing at times. Beatrice Naynibuife is Chris’ girlfriend and also works in the government (in the ministry of finance). She has been intimate with Ikem, Sam and Chris at some point in her life and even though she is engaged in a relationship with Chris, she still gives us an unbiased outsider’s opinion about the situation between the three of them. For example in chapter five, she claims that â€Å"all three of you, are incredibly conceited. The story of this country, as far as you are concerned, is the story of the three of you. Although much of her narrative concerns her own past, she also tries to bridge the ever developing gap between Chris and Ikem; in chapter eight she tries to persuade Chris to talk to Ikem and work together to solve the mounting crisis of Sam’s power hunger ( trying controlling power similar to Idemili). Apart form these three; an unknown narrator also exists in the novel. While he does not give us any personal opinions like the other narrators, he give s details into African traditions such the story of the goddess Idemili. The different narrators of the novel give us different opinions about the same events that occur, and this as stated in the introduction gives a full and accurate picture of the current situation in the country. It is surprising that despite the novel being about the political instability and the unfortunate condition of the people; it is only the upper class that has a voice in the novel; a kind of metaphor indicating the division in the society and proving that it is only the upper class that has the power to bring about reform. Also, the mixed narratives do not follow a chronological pattern, which could symbolize the general state of confusion in the country. Achebe's use of multiple narrative voices indicates that history is more than a set of events in the past to be told; it is also the feelings and ideas that different people have about the events and at the same time focuses on the community rather than on the individual

Free Essays on The Killing Game

â€Å"The killing game† Before reading â€Å"The killing game† by Joy Williams, I considered myself a â€Å"non-hunter†. However, after reading â€Å"The killing game†, I had mixed feelings of how I felt about hunting. I think Williams unjustly stereotyped all hunters as being â€Å"immoral† without consideration for another point of view. I decided to look equally at both sides of this issue to determine which side, â€Å"non-hunter† or â€Å"anti-hunter†, I would support. I interviewed my friend, Dona Mayo, about hunting. I believed that she would know about hunting since she had hunted in the past and her father is an active hunter. She considers herself to be a â€Å"non-hunter† now but does support the rights of a limited amount of hunting for appropriate reasons. Her family always takes home and eats all the animals they kill. Any left over meat is donated to church or given to other families. Every edible part of the animal is eaten. The head is kept as a trophy if it has a good rack. They prefer to hunt deer, turkey and squirrel. At one point, in 1985 lots of people were laid off from work. They had to rely on hunting to supply them with meat when they could no longer afford to buy any. She did have a friend of hers that was involved in a hunting related accident. His name was Chris, when he was thirteen he had accidentally shot and killed his father by laying a gun that had a bullet lodged in the rifle while climbing a fence. It is illegal to hunt in state parks in Mississippi. Taxpayers pay extra for license to hunt in preserves, and the money hunters pay go towards the parks. She believes hunting illegally in parks should have license revoked, and pay fines and/or jail time. I finally asked Ms. Mayo how she felt of the comment from â€Å"The killing game†; â€Å"Sport hunting is immoral; it should be made illegal. Hunters are persecutors of nature who should be prosecuted.† She respon... Free Essays on The Killing Game Free Essays on The Killing Game â€Å"The killing game† Before reading â€Å"The killing game† by Joy Williams, I considered myself a â€Å"non-hunter†. However, after reading â€Å"The killing game†, I had mixed feelings of how I felt about hunting. I think Williams unjustly stereotyped all hunters as being â€Å"immoral† without consideration for another point of view. I decided to look equally at both sides of this issue to determine which side, â€Å"non-hunter† or â€Å"anti-hunter†, I would support. I interviewed my friend, Dona Mayo, about hunting. I believed that she would know about hunting since she had hunted in the past and her father is an active hunter. She considers herself to be a â€Å"non-hunter† now but does support the rights of a limited amount of hunting for appropriate reasons. Her family always takes home and eats all the animals they kill. Any left over meat is donated to church or given to other families. Every edible part of the animal is eaten. The head is kept as a trophy if it has a good rack. They prefer to hunt deer, turkey and squirrel. At one point, in 1985 lots of people were laid off from work. They had to rely on hunting to supply them with meat when they could no longer afford to buy any. She did have a friend of hers that was involved in a hunting related accident. His name was Chris, when he was thirteen he had accidentally shot and killed his father by laying a gun that had a bullet lodged in the rifle while climbing a fence. It is illegal to hunt in state parks in Mississippi. Taxpayers pay extra for license to hunt in preserves, and the money hunters pay go towards the parks. She believes hunting illegally in parks should have license revoked, and pay fines and/or jail time. I finally asked Ms. Mayo how she felt of the comment from â€Å"The killing game†; â€Å"Sport hunting is immoral; it should be made illegal. Hunters are persecutors of nature who should be prosecuted.† She respon...

History of cloning Essays

History of cloning Essays History of cloning Essay History of cloning Essay Although the word itself has merely been around for merely four decennaries, the thought of making an being indistinguishable to another has been around for centuries. Even nature has utilized this procedure. The existent procedure of unnaturally cloning has been about since earlier 1900s, even though it is heard of more frequently in the modern universe. Cloning began in 1894 with the first ringer of an being. Hans Dreisch was able to clone a sea urchin, and his research led to Hans Spemann s multiple efforts and successes of cloning throughout his scientific discipline old ages. As engineering advanced, Robert Briggs and Thomas King used Spemann s consequences to make the procedure of atomic transportation used in modern cloning techniques. After many arguments over fraud and moralss, the Roslin Institute becomes celebrated for its scientists who created some of the most celebrated ringers, including Megan and Morag, Dolly, and other sheep. The universe of c loning expands with the find of new engineerings, and the moralss argument additions as the possibility of human cloning is made more known through many known frauds and existent experiments. The construct of cloning is making an being with the same DNA as another. This means that the natural universe has been making ringers for 1000s of old ages. Such illustrations are indistinguishable twins and self-fertilized workss. However, unnaturally making ringers deliberately by atomic transportation is, compared to the beginning of natural cloning, a recent human experiment. Although cloning has been highly successful in this past decennary, of import constructs and big stairss have been taken over the past century. The first successful cloning effort was performed by Hans Dreisch in 1894, who cloned a sea urchin by insulating blastomeres. Dreisch separated the urchin embryo when it was two cells big, and both cells matured into grownup beings ( Cloning pg. 4 ) . This experiment and others disproved Wilhelm Roux and August Weismann s theory that stated: The egg and sperm contribute chromosomes every bit to the fertilized ovum. The chromosomes are bearers of the familial potencies, and the source cells ( gametes ) of the embryo are the lone 1s to transport the complete set of familial potencies ( atomic determiners ) , whereas each bodily ( organic structure ) cell type contains merely portion of these potencies required for the particular cell type ( Berardino 2 ) . By dividing the cells of a individual developing embryo to make two beings, Dreisch proved that the bodily cell contains all familial information. The following successful cloning experiment was conducted in 1902 by German Dr. Hans Spemann on salamander embryos, bring forthing twins. Spemann split the embryo utilizing a strand of hair from his newborn boy, and the two ensuing cells grew into normal grownup salamanders. These salamanders were artificially-created indistinguishable twins. He repeated his experiments many times, and created mutation animals. He concluded that in order to make a normal being, the cloning procedure must be completed before what he called determination, or the phase in growing where cells specialize into different cells for different parts of the organic structure. This phase is completed in the early growing of an embryo ( Cheng n.p. ) . However, cloning in mammals remained impossible, due to the fact that mammal eggs are unseeable to the bare oculus, while amphibious eggs are big plenty to be seen with the oculus, and enhanced plenty to be worked on with the engineering available during the early century. In 1928, Hans Spemann created yet another ringer, except this clip by the first of all time conducted atomic transportation. Ten old ages subsequently Spemann designed a fantastical experiment that, although technically impossible at the clip, became the footing for cloning ( Presbyterian College, par. 4 ) . This procedure involves his atomic transportation. This was done by taking the karyon of a salamander embryonic cell into a cell with the karyon removed. The cell was so allowed to split and turn into a new being. This experiment proved that the karyon of an early embryo cell can take to the growing of a separate being, and hence making a ringer of the DNA giver. His work was published in 1938 in his book, Embryonic Development and Induction ( Cheng n.p. ) . Spemann s fantastical experiment stated that it is possible to utilize a karyon of a differentiated cell. However, he lacked the engineering to turn out his theory correct. The following recorded cloning was completed 24 old ages after Spemann s salamanders. Robert Briggs and Thomas King used the atomic transportation technique described by Spemann on northern leopard toads. During this experiment, King and Briggs removed the karyon from a blastosphere cell. The nucleus so replaced the karyon from an egg ( Brownlee n.p. ) . However, most ringers created from a differentiated cell were unable to develop, and the few that did were unnatural ( Beetschen 608 ) ) . This emphasizes Spemann s theory that the cell must be obtained before finding. In 1958 nevertheless, F.C. Steward obtained cells from the roots of a mature carrot root, and was able to make a normal ringer. He proved the procedure of making a normal being by atomic transportation utilizing differentiated cells is possible, but for many old ages these consequences would merely be replicated in workss ( Cheng n.p. ) . One scientist whose experiments support the theory that utilizing differentiated cells for cloning is John Gurdon. He believed that all the cistrons were non lost, but merely expressed in a different manner. His experiments during the late fiftiess and early sixtiess involved transplanting intestinal epithelium-cell karyon from Xenopus ( laevis ) tadpoles into enucleated toad eggs and managed to bring forth 10 normal tadpoles ( Campbell n.p. ) . His success was a major milepost in the universe of cloning, nevertheless many people were disbelieving about his claims. Gurdon was able to add support to his experiments by animating his consequences. He produced more normal fertile grownup beings from differentiated grownup cells ( Campbell n.p. ) . However, it would take another three decennaries for his consequences to be reproduced by a different scientist and to stop a bulk of incredulity about the legitimacy of his experiments. The word clone was non genuinely created until 1963 when J.B.S. Haldane is credited to hold coined the existent word, taken from the Grecian word for branchlet. The scientists up until this clip were able to depict and finish this procedure without of all time utilizing the term cloning. Haldane introduced this name in one of his concluding address Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Following Ten-Thousand Years ( Thompson, par. 18 ) . Over a decennary subsequently, scientist Karl Illmensee and his helper Peter Hoppe make a study stating they cloned mice utilizing a individual parent. This was purportedly completed by dividing the cistrons from the male parent and female parent instantly after fertilisation, making two half-nuclei. Illmensee so removed one of the half-nuclei and used particular enzymes to clone the other half, purportedly making 7 mice ringers. Two old ages subsequently in 1979, he stated that he cloned another three mice by utilizing atomic transportation. However, both claims were challenged because of his leery activities in the lab. He refused to demo the experiment in public. Besides, a pupil accused that the micromanipulator used was broken at the clip of the experiments. Another pupil saw the trial tubing Illmensee claimed to be keeping mouse eggs but found them empty. Another piece of grounds used against him was produced by a fellow scientist. The scientist attempted to bring forth a ringe r utilizing merely one parent, but failed each clip. A committee was set up, and they decided his experiments to be scientifically worthless until reproduced. Illmensee s claims are still a subject of argument, and remain a contention ( Cheng n.p. ) . During the Karl Illmensee argument, another subject of fraud emerged. Celebrated scientific discipline author David Rorvik wrote the book In his Image: The Cloning of a Man in 1978, which he claimed to be nonfiction. The narrative is about a 67-year old millionaire who hired a scientist to in secret clone himself. Not merely did this cause a three old ages of United States Congress hearings which ended with the book being ruled to be fiction ( Thompson, par. 18 ) , it sparked the fire of the human cloning moralss argument ( Cheng n.p. ) . Finally, in 1984, a mammal was cloned by atomic transportation. Despite many efforts by old agricultural research workers to clone cowss, Danish life scientist Steen Willadsen cloned sheep utilizing the Deoxyribonucleic acid from early embryologic cells ( Cloning pg. 4 ) . Two old ages subsequently, Willadsen cloned a cow from one hebdomad old embryo cells which had become differentiated ( Cheng n.p. ) . This success proved the old theory that familial information decreased in a cell as it specializes wrong. This promotion was besides a immense spring in cloning research, assisting to take to the cloning of an being from an grownup bodily cell. The following sheep to be cloned was Tracy, who was born in 1990 at the Roslin Institute. The intent of this cloning was to bring forth genetically transformed sheep that would show valuable pharmaceutical merchandises in their milk ( McLaren 479-480 ) . In order to alter the sheep s familial traits, Tracy was injected with DNA concepts into her pronuclei while still an egg ( McLaren 479-480 ) , which is much easier to carry through utilizing cloning engineering ( Cheng n.p. ) . The protein that Tracy and her progeny are prized for is their high degrees of 1-antitrypsin in their milk, a drug used to handle cystic fibrosis, emphysema, and other diseases ( McLaren479-480 ) . This development was a major discovery in cloning, non needfully in the engineering of cloning itself, but what curative possibilities that are produced through cloning. A big panic of human cloning was reported in 1993. Jerry Hall and Robert Stillman researched in vitro fertilisation of eggs. The American scientists were researching how to increase the success rate of this type of fertilisation when they came up with happening a manner to clone a individual embryo into three or four embryos to increase the opportunities of a successful gestation. Their technique involved fertilising an egg by multiple sperm cells, which resulted in an embryo unable to populate for more than a few yearss. This was non existent human cloning, nevertheless narrative headlines emerged stating worlds had been cloned, rapidly making much unfavorable judgment ( Thompson n.p. ) . Although this was non a development of cloning, it greatly fueled the big moralss argument go arounding around human cloning. Contrary to popular belief, Dolly the sheep was non the first animate being to be cloned by differentiated cells. This award genuinely belongs to Megan and Morag, cloned 19 June 1995 by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell in the Roslin Institute at Edenburgh, United Kingdom. The secret to cloning utilizing differentiated embryo cells was found to be hungering the differentiated cell of foods, doing it to come in a suspended province of cell division known as the G0 province. Then the karyon is fused with the enucleated egg utilizing an electric current. Because the cell rhythm of the karyon was frozen, the two cell rhythms are synchronized, and the egg s cytol can, in kernel, reprogram the karyon and both begin turning at the same rate as the other, and turn as a normal embryo. However, the intelligence of Megan and Morag s success was rapidly overshadowed by the slaughter of schoolchildren in Scotland that occurred instantly after their imperativeness release ( McLaren 479-480 ) . Then, on 5 July 1996, the ill-famed Dolly was born utilizing a differentiated grownup cell by Wilmut and Campbell. Dolly, named because the cell she was cloned from was received from the bag of six-year-old Ewe Finn Dorset which reminded Wilmut of Dolly Parton and her big thorax ( Lit n.p. ) , was the first ringer from an grownup cell. The success of this experiment sparked more thoughts for utilizations of cloning. It could be used to mass-produce genetically indistinguishable animate beings for research on human diseases. This technique may besides assist xeno-transplantation, and continue wild or endangered species ( Cheng n.p. ) . One twelvemonth subsequently, Wilmut and his squad cloned yet another sheep named Polly. What made Polly unique was every cell had human DNA nowadays. Reasons for this experiment is for bring forthing human proteins to bring around human diseases, every bit good as variety meats for organ transplants ( Cheng n.p. ) . Because of the human cistron factor in this new development, the moralss argument elevated even further, going a chief issue in the modern universe. After Wilmut s successes with cloning utilizing grownup cells, a overplus of cloned animate beings was created within merely a few old ages. Examples of these animate beings include CC the cat in 2001, rabbits in 2002, human embryos for root cells in Korea in 2004, and a Canis familiaris in 2005 ( Fact Box n.p. ) . These and other cloning progresss continue to look in intelligence headlines as new developments occur in the scientific discipline field with more and more ringers. The thought of cloning has been developed centuries, while existent research and cloning has occurred for over a century. These mileposts will go on to look for many old ages, with the rate of the successes perchance go oning on its exponential addition.

The Glass Menagerie Amanda Analysis Essays

The Glass Menagerie Amanda Analysis Essays The Glass Menagerie Amanda Analysis Paper The Glass Menagerie Amanda Analysis Paper Essay Topic: The Glass Menagerie Mantas controlling behavior is what drove Mr.. Winnfield away, and is now s erring her son, Tom, toward a similar escape. This essay will explore several Of the symbols, b e they objects or events, Tennessee Williams uses to illustrate Amanda Winnfield as a character who, tragically, cannot move forward from her past. Two objects that really stand out are the cheap or imitation velvety looking CLC 10th coats, and especially the imitation fur collar that she always wears when going out in society (Scene II peg. 55). Both of them represent that Amanda is still trying to live in her pa SST as a southern belle with fancy clothing because they are both imitations of her past glam r and lavish clothes. One event that shows us that Amanda wants to remain a youthful bell el also occurs in the beginning of the play as well: it tells us that she resurrected [a dress] from that old trunk! (Williams, Scene VI, Peg. 769) and talks about receiving seventeen gentlemen c lealer one Sunday afternoo n in Blue Mountain. This shows that she is stubborn and is willing to do anything to convince herself that she is still the belle she once was. Vicar 2 Another important event that occurs in the beginning of the play is that we el ran that Amanda spends a lot of her time gazing at Mr.. Windshields portrait. Perhaps the is means that she misses Mr.. Winnfield even if she refuses to admit Also in Scene Ill, Amanda is described as wearing a very old bathrobe of the faithless Mr. Winnfield (Williams, Scene Ill, Peg; 759), so we can assume that Amanda is haunted by the rejection of the love of her life and the memory of her absent husband. Williams uses Mantas behavior towards Tom to show that she cares because she doesnt want him to turn out like his father. She badgers him to behave the way she expects him to, how to eat, where to go, and how to get ahead in his job, but as a result of Mantas controlling nature, the Winnfield family gets into a complicated situ action and all Tom wants to do is escape from the apartment, from this suffocating life ultimately Williams uses three symbols that reveal and develop Mantas character. On e is the character Jim OConnor: for Amanda, Jim represents the days of her youth, who en she went frolicking about picking flowers and supposedly having seventeen gentlemen callers on one Sunday afternoon because he reminds her of the life she once had, carefree a ND filled with affections and the attention of gentlemen callers. Another symbol is flowers, articulacy jonquils because Amanda always talks about them when mentioning her past. Lastly, t he apartments fire escape symbolizes the way for Amanda Winnfield to bring a man into the ho SE to save herself and her daughter from the fate Of becoming a spinster. She is always expecting g gentlemen callers to come and court Laura as they had when Amanda was her daughters age. Not one gentleman caller? It cant be true! There must be a flood, there must have been a tornado ! LAURA: It isnt a flood, its not a tornado, Mother. Im just not popular like you were in Blue Mountain (Williams, Scene I, Peg. 755). Vicar 3 The universal truth that learn from Williams The Glass Menagerie is that perhaps sadly, like Amanda, we all cling to the past, especially when we do not want to face reality or if We are in a difficult situation.

Public relations process for Deltec Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public relations process for Deltec - Essay Example The CEO has asked for a range of services from our agency including the advice for a major labor issue faced by the company in the recent past. A detailed analysis was made in this regard to help Delstar to come up with same market share as that of its male athletic equipments. The following paragraphs will discuss the issue in detail to find a way out and help Delstar to survive and succeed in the market. Our agency, therefore, suggest a range of efforts to be performed by Delstar to compete with other firms in the industry and to become a threat for them in the years to come. The company has to conduct a couple of researches in this regard. To start with, our agency advices Delstar to conduct a market research so as to know the pulses of the target group. The first and foremost task in the effort of marketing any product /service is to know whether there are consumers for the desired product/service in the market. So knowing about the market is advisable before thinking about the product and its features. Once the consumers' taste and preferences are well understood, the company can start thinking seriously about the product design and development. Because, our agency believes firmly in 'Prevention is better than Cure' policy in marketing. Market Research is the process of gathering data relating to the consumers, competitor and the market and use of such data for decision making and actions. A market Research is indispensable for Delstar not only because it is going to introduce a novel product to a new target group, but the competition from industry icons such as Reebok, Nike, and Adidas is quite stiff. The target group for the new product, Basketball sneakers, has already been fixed by the company and it is female market. It is co mposed of both basket ball players and those who are fascinated by the style of basket ball sneakers and players. Market Research Method The process by which the data from target group are collected and analyzed is known as Market Research Method. Delstar is advised to conduct a Qualitative Market Research as it involves the study about the market feasibility of a new product, and a focused group. The focused group for the study, as already stated, consists of female basket ball players and female teenagers and women who are fascinated by the style of sneakers and basket ball players. Data are collected from the focused group by means of personal interview with them. In the basket ball players segment, female players are approached with an Interview Schedule to gather data. In the second group, a sample survey was conducted among teenagers and women who like basket ball sneakers for daily use for easy and comfortable walking. The players were asked mainly about their views on the sneakers presently available and their expectations about the one which is like to be launched in the market. An interview schedule is to be prepared with logically arranged questions on consumers' needs and aspirations about the product. In addition to the interview with focused group, a one-on-one in-depth interview with a renowned basketball trainer is also prescribed for the company since it is likely to generate more authentic and reliable information. The survey among the non-players female group is conducted using Random Sampling Method wherein the opinion of respondents are more likely to be

Critical Analysis of a Research Article-Driving Behavior of Licensed Essay

Critical Analysis of a Research Article-Driving Behavior of Licensed and Unlicensed Teeagers - Essay Example The hypothesis in the article on driving behavior of licensed and unlicensed teenagers concerns the undesirable effects of teenage driving. It has been observed that teenagers are involved in a higher number of accidents as compared to other groups of people leading to a high death rate and serious injuries. The study determines the prevalence and the risks and associated factors for unlicensed drivers in their teenage years. The major purpose of the study is for exploratory reasons. This kind of study is a form of social research that is conducted by use of questionnaires and formulation of hypotheses. The current case of study is appropriate for this kind of research as it does not have to endorse its typicality. The students who took part in the research gave details about their race, driver education history, alcohol or substance use and their grades in the previous month. The students also gave information on how often they drove and for what purpose. The students also gave information on the most helpful person in teaching them how to drive and the driver’s education. The school location was also an important variable and it was classified into rural, town, suburban and central city. Students were also expected to report on their driving behaviors and occurrences including number of accidents experienced, number of hours driven weekly, the use of seatbelts and the speeding rate they used according to American Academy of Pediatrics (2010). A national representative school based survey was carried out to establish whether students in their teenage years practiced unlicensed driving, the associated behaviors, the risks they are exposed to and demographic factors. Unlicensed driving is driving when one has no official license or when one is not authorized to do so. American Academy of Pediatrics (20100 explains that the survey was conducted on all school attending students regardless of their

Nursing Shortage in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Shortage in the United States - Essay Example This paper will describe the impacts of the nursing shortage on health care consumers, nurses, and public health. It will examine the debate surrounding the nursing shortage and explain how the issue is being addressed on local, state, and national levels. Finally, the paper will propose some ideas for minimizing the nursing shortage problem. The shortage of nurses in America's hospitals results in negative impacts for health care consumers, nurses, and the health care system. A survey conducted by Beurhaus et al. (2005) examined the experience of RNs, physicians, hospital CEOs and CNOs with the nursing shortage and analyzed the results in terms of nurses' ability to meet the six Institute of Medicine (IOM)-established aims for high quality health care systems: patient-centered, effective, safe, timely, efficient, and equitable. The survey found that each of these criteria for quality of care suffered due to the nursing shortage (ibid.). In terms of direct patient care, the nursing shortage results in a decline in the quality of patient care. The Beurhaus et al. survey (2005), found that patient care suffered specifically because of a delayed response by nurses to pages or calls, patients increasingly complaining about care, staff communication problems, and increasing physicians' workloads. The results of the decline in patient care are worrisome. An American Nurses Association (ANA) fact sheet about the national nursing shortage (2008) highlights the results of recent studies published in medical journals that show how the shortage puts patient's lives in danger: "If hospitals increased RN staffing, more than 6,700 patient deaths and four million inpatient days could be avoided each year." "Every additional full-time nurse per patient day was associated with a 9% reduction in mortality in intensive care patients and a 16% reduction in mortality in surgical patients. In addition, every additional patient per RN shift was associated with a 53% increase in pulmonary failure, a 43% increased risk on unplanned extubation, a 7% increased risk of hospital acquired pneumonia, and a 17% increased risk in other medical complications." "Nursing shortages were found to correlate with longer lengths of stay, increased incidence of urinary tract infections and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, higher rates of pneumonia, shock and cardiac arrest. Increased hours of RN care resulted in fewer "failure-to-rescue" deaths from pneumonia, shock or cardiac arrest, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis and deep venous thrombosis." The impact of the nursing shortage also adversely affects nurses. In relation to their interaction with patients, nurses suffer because they have less time for collaboration within staff teams, face greater difficulty maintaining patient safety, are less able to detect complications early on, and have less time for patients (Beurhaus et al., 2005). In order to compensate for a lack of staff,

Statistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Statistics - Assignment Example For ratio or interval scale data, the median is suitable than the mean if the sample or population size is small and the data is scattered (Cohen 229). The concept is interesting because it identifies ignorance that lead to unnecessary or inaccurate data description that is common in statistical reports. It has informed me of the need for precision in reporting data through selection of a single and suitable descriptive statistics for reporting. Pearson correlation helps in investigating and understanding possible associations, strength of association, and directions of associations between a pair of variables. Investigating the relationship between households’ weekly income and corresponding weekly expenditure is a potential study for the Pearson correlation. In the study, weekly income is the independent variable, X, while weekly expenditure is the dependent variable, Y. A stratified random sampling design is be used to identify participants from different ranges of income and paired data recorded for each household. Area of residence, with the effects of social class, is the basis of stratification and correlation analysis informs data analysis with r and r2 values as the key statistics. A positive r value, such as +0.7, is expected and this shows that household income and income expenditure have a strong positive correlation. This means that increase in the value of one variable leads to corresponding increase in the value of another. The r2 value indicates reliability of the proposed relationship and shows percentage of the data that the relationship explains. In this case, r2 is 0.49 and means that the correlation coefficient explains 49 percent of the analyzed data (Weinberg and Abramowitz 130). T-test for independent samples can be used to investigate effects of training on an organization’s sales representatives. Two groups would be involved in the study. One group, the treatment group, is a sample of 20 sales representatives from a

The inequality of miniorities in the criminal justice system. What Term Paper

The inequality of miniorities in the criminal justice system. What type of stereotypes and unfair justice do miniorities face by - Term Paper Example This research essay will have a detailed analysis and discussion on the inequality of minorities in the criminal justice system in USA and how to have a balanced approach without any bias for the offenses committed despite their color and creed. Introduction United States of America can be defined as a nation of diverse culture comprising of white ethnic immigrants, native Americans, Latinos, African Americans and Asians. As per Russell—Brown (2009), slave codes are those set of laws that ruled the life of African slaves as early in 1600s. Under slavery law, majorities of the African Americans were the victims, and their ordeal came to an end due to the passage of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. More rights of the blacks were recognized due to the passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865. According to Free (1996), immediately after the elimination of slavery in USA, â€Å"Black codes â€Å"were legislated in many of the US states in an endeavor to employ the legal system to be dominated by the White supremacy with Jim Crow laws, which stipulated separate facilities for blacks, particularly in cars, rail , schools ,bathrooms , etc. (Hartley, 2010, p.112). As per Browne-Marshall, in 1896, in Plessey v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court of USA sanctioned the policy of â€Å"separate but equal† all but legitimate White supremacy. The enactment of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 which banned racial discrimination in employment , in public places ,which was trailed by Voting Rights Act of 1965, which gave legal acknowledgement to the rights of Black voters.(Gabbidon ,2010,p.66). Though discrimination is banned through Civil Rights Act of 1964, many empirical evidences like Mauer (1994), Tonry (1995), Free (1996), Donziger (1996), Walker (1999), and Walker et al (2000) have shown that racial discrimination prevails virtually in every phase of USAs criminal justice system even today. (Hartley, 2010, p.112). The Main objective of this research essay is to dis cuss about the inequality witnessed by the minorities in the criminal justice system of the U.S.A and to discuss about the type of stereotypes, and unfair justice do minorities face by the treatment of the United States court system in an exhaustive manner. â€Å"Discrimination of Minorities in the American Criminal Justice System† As per Walker, Spohn & DeLone (2000), racial disparities in the United States criminal justice system have long been given attention by the researchers who have found that there has been evidence of discrimination shown to ethnic and racial minorities at every phase of the criminal justice system. Footed upon by the debate posed by Marxist and conflict criminologists, scholars have tried to answer the query whether the law does, in reality, operate to the advantage of a dominant upper class and to the disadvantage of an immobilized lower community. Critics also have raised the question, whether the criminal action of that community which control or own the means of economic production are comparatively impervious from criminal prosecution? (Cullen & Wilcox, 2010, p.475). As per labelling theory of criminal justice, offenders are being treated as if they were criminal, which had the effect of unwanted outcomes on

A Comment On A Commitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Comment On A Commitment - Essay Example A Comment On A Commitment With such extensive environmental conservation programs, the college’s president must therefore take part in the forthcoming climate commitment. Diablo Valley College will sign the commitment owing to the environmental management skills the college is likely to acquire from such as discussed in the essay below. Participating in the commitment will help position the college as an integral member of the society joining in the fight to eradicate environmental pollution thereby making the environment safer and better. At such conferences, delegates learn newer and better ways of eradicating environmental degradation besides the presentation of the projects the colleges undertake in eliminating such. The commitments present an effective opportunity for the students’ president to present the college’s green projects all of which have sought to improve the sustainability of the environment (Schlossberg 121). Global warming is a topic of global concern. The emission of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere has contributed to the depletion of the ozone layer, which is a layer of oxygen molecules that cushion the earth from the harsh rays of the sun. The depletion of the layer leaves the earth surface vulnerable to increased temperatures among other undesirable diseases as harsh rays of the sun penetrate the atmosphere. Effects of global warming include climatic change and the rising water levels as the glaciers continue to melt. Such natural phenomenon has diverse effects ranging from unique skin diseases to the rising incidences of typhoons among other natural calamities. The depletion of the ozone layer threatens both the stability of the earth and the life in the planet. It thus becomes a prerogative of the citizens to curb the emission of such harmful gases by engaging in responsive activities. Among the contributors of the gases is the use of fossil fuels such as petroleum products in propelling cars among other machines. At such environmental commitments, the leaders discuss the efforts by both the students’ fraternity and the government in order to limit the emission of such gases (Reza 31). As policy makers, stude nt leaders are influential members of the society responsible for the activities and behavior of the students while at the colleges. The leaders therefore act as the bridge between the students and the leadership of the universities. As such, their participation in the environmental commitment is paramount, as it will facilitate the spread of the message to the students thus improving their appreciation of the various projects at the universities and colleges. The Diablo Valley College just as any other institution of higher learning has hundreds of students all of who require transportation and use various substances in the society that may equally contribute to the emission of the toxic gases. They therefore require appropriate knowledge on environmental management in order to improve the desirable environmental practices. To achieve such, the college has undertaken various projects that promise such effective and desirable environmental practices (Karen and Ricardo 55). By partic ipating in the forthcoming commitment, the students, leadership will learn newer and better management practices in order to improve the success of such projects. The success of the said projects relies on the students’

Statistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Statistics - Assignment Example For ratio or interval scale data, the median is suitable than the mean if the sample or population size is small and the data is scattered (Cohen 229). The concept is interesting because it identifies ignorance that lead to unnecessary or inaccurate data description that is common in statistical reports. It has informed me of the need for precision in reporting data through selection of a single and suitable descriptive statistics for reporting. Pearson correlation helps in investigating and understanding possible associations, strength of association, and directions of associations between a pair of variables. Investigating the relationship between households’ weekly income and corresponding weekly expenditure is a potential study for the Pearson correlation. In the study, weekly income is the independent variable, X, while weekly expenditure is the dependent variable, Y. A stratified random sampling design is be used to identify participants from different ranges of income and paired data recorded for each household. Area of residence, with the effects of social class, is the basis of stratification and correlation analysis informs data analysis with r and r2 values as the key statistics. A positive r value, such as +0.7, is expected and this shows that household income and income expenditure have a strong positive correlation. This means that increase in the value of one variable leads to corresponding increase in the value of another. The r2 value indicates reliability of the proposed relationship and shows percentage of the data that the relationship explains. In this case, r2 is 0.49 and means that the correlation coefficient explains 49 percent of the analyzed data (Weinberg and Abramowitz 130). T-test for independent samples can be used to investigate effects of training on an organization’s sales representatives. Two groups would be involved in the study. One group, the treatment group, is a sample of 20 sales representatives from a

A Comment On A Commitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Comment On A Commitment - Essay Example A Comment On A Commitment With such extensive environmental conservation programs, the college’s president must therefore take part in the forthcoming climate commitment. Diablo Valley College will sign the commitment owing to the environmental management skills the college is likely to acquire from such as discussed in the essay below. Participating in the commitment will help position the college as an integral member of the society joining in the fight to eradicate environmental pollution thereby making the environment safer and better. At such conferences, delegates learn newer and better ways of eradicating environmental degradation besides the presentation of the projects the colleges undertake in eliminating such. The commitments present an effective opportunity for the students’ president to present the college’s green projects all of which have sought to improve the sustainability of the environment (Schlossberg 121). Global warming is a topic of global concern. The emission of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere has contributed to the depletion of the ozone layer, which is a layer of oxygen molecules that cushion the earth from the harsh rays of the sun. The depletion of the layer leaves the earth surface vulnerable to increased temperatures among other undesirable diseases as harsh rays of the sun penetrate the atmosphere. Effects of global warming include climatic change and the rising water levels as the glaciers continue to melt. Such natural phenomenon has diverse effects ranging from unique skin diseases to the rising incidences of typhoons among other natural calamities. The depletion of the ozone layer threatens both the stability of the earth and the life in the planet. It thus becomes a prerogative of the citizens to curb the emission of such harmful gases by engaging in responsive activities. Among the contributors of the gases is the use of fossil fuels such as petroleum products in propelling cars among other machines. At such environmental commitments, the leaders discuss the efforts by both the students’ fraternity and the government in order to limit the emission of such gases (Reza 31). As policy makers, stude nt leaders are influential members of the society responsible for the activities and behavior of the students while at the colleges. The leaders therefore act as the bridge between the students and the leadership of the universities. As such, their participation in the environmental commitment is paramount, as it will facilitate the spread of the message to the students thus improving their appreciation of the various projects at the universities and colleges. The Diablo Valley College just as any other institution of higher learning has hundreds of students all of who require transportation and use various substances in the society that may equally contribute to the emission of the toxic gases. They therefore require appropriate knowledge on environmental management in order to improve the desirable environmental practices. To achieve such, the college has undertaken various projects that promise such effective and desirable environmental practices (Karen and Ricardo 55). By partic ipating in the forthcoming commitment, the students, leadership will learn newer and better management practices in order to improve the success of such projects. The success of the said projects relies on the students’

Compare Secret Life of Walter Mitty and The poor relation Essay Example for Free

Compare Secret Life of Walter Mitty and The poor relation Essay In this assignment I am going to write about the differences and similarities of two shot stories. The first story I am writing about is called The Secret Life of Walter Mitty it was written in the late1930s by the author James Thurber. The second story is called The Poor Relations Story it was written around 1850 by Charles Dickens. The connections between the two stories are that they are both short but also they have the same topic. They are both about escapists, people who dream. The first story called The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty is about a man called Mitty, and it follows him through a normal day. I get the impression that he is in his mid-fifties because his wife has to tell him to get a check up and that he is no longer a young man. He does not work and as no real skills, actually he is quite a pathetic man that spends his days running around after his dominant wife. Mitty has a special difficulty in mechanical maintenance and in most of his dreams he fantasises about being an expert in complicated machinery i.e. operating theatre machinery and jet planes. Even when his wife asked him to put snow chains on the car he got it wrong and she now makes him take it to the garage. I think Mitty is a very light headed man and never really got anywhere in life because other people just pushed him aside. For example when his wife tells him to put his gloves on he does not argue or answer back but puts them straight on although he does not want to. In the space of a couple of hours in which the story is set Mitty slips in and out of reality and fantasy and the dreams always seem to have a connection with something he passes in the street or remembers. Like when he passes the hospital he goes into a dream about being a specialists doctor that saves the life of an important millionaire banker. That shows how easily he can just forget where he is or what he is doing. Walter Mittys wife is a very domineering person and seems to have a lot of control over Mitty I have been looking all over this hotel for you, why do you have to hide in this old chair, how do you expect me to find you. I think Mitty is a very privet person, as he does not talk much, only a few lines to his wife are said. His wife treats him like a little child that is totally dependant on other people, she has to tell him to put on his gloves, buy overshoes and get a check up. She doesnt trust him anymore to do the simplest procedure as to put snow chains on the tyres that she tells him to go to the garage. This is a humiliating experience for Mitty because when he drops the car off the other men at the garage laugh at him, he says that Ill wear my right arm in a sling next time; they wont grin at me then. He obviously knows that people are laughing and mocking him but cant do much about it. Just walking down the street can be ill fated for Mitty as he slips in to a daydream and starts talking to him self. Puppy biscuits That man said Puppy biscuits. I think you could call Mitty unlucky and accident-prone by all the minor incidents that take place in this short story. They are mainly to do with his day dreaming which keep him very interested and away from reality. They seem to make up for the lack of excitement or human attention that he gets. In all of his fantasise he is the hero of the situation and praise is all around him. The first dream is about him being a pilot of a naval hydroplane, he is in control and he seems to save the day some how. That is the opening of the story and we do not know it is a dream until he is interrupted by his wife telling him to slow down. The second dream is about him being an expert doctor and d saving the day by fixing the operating machine simply with his fountain pen and then saving the life of some important millionaire. The third dream is in a courtroom and Mitty is on trial for shooting somebody, apparently he can shoot any gun from a distance with both hands and still be on target. The forth dream is set in the heart of a vigorous war and Mitty offers to fly a two-manned plane alone, people are trying to stop him but his wants to save the day. The fifth dream is at the end of the story and its Mitty getting executed by a firing squad. He takes a long pull of his cigar and dies with honour. I Everything in Mittys dreams seem to be what he wants to be like but never will. In four of the dreams it describes how he is good at machines which in real life is far from the truth. He comes across as being healthy and macho but in real life he needs a doctors check up and cant even put on snow chains. As a hero he is obviously respected and looked up to by fellow companions but also women. In one fantasy a lovely dark haired girl comes running into his arms which of course in the real world would never happen. The only woman that would look at Mitty in such a way is his wife, and she is restricting, bossy and annoying. In Mittys dreams though he can do what he wants and there is no one to restricted him. Sometimes when Mitty dreams he starts believing in them and acts them out in real life. Like at the beginning of the story when he dreams of being a naval pilot he starts speeding in his car and his wife has to tell him to slow down. And at the end of the story when he waiting for his wife to come out of the drug store he believes that he is standing in front of the firing squad. He stood up against the wall of the drugstore, smoking Mitty acts like a little child playing make believe games and a I think that is what other people treat him. Especially with the name Mitty you cant take him too seriously. Write more about how much he believes in them The second short story called The Poor Relation it is similar to the Walter Mitty story in such a way that they are both about escapists but it is still very different story. The Poor Relation is set at a Family Christmas Party where the poor relation (Michael) tells the other guest two very different stories about his way of living. The first story that Michael portrays to the family members is a description of what he thinks the rest of the family thinks of him. Perhaps before I go any further, I had better glance at what I am supposed to be. This first story is very negative about Michaels way of life and he tells the other guests at how pathetic and useless he is. That I failed in in business because I was unbusiness likeThat I failed in love, because. He goes on to relate a normal day for him and describes where he lives, both of which have not much happiness in them. The only shred of contentment or worth while belonging for Michael is his little second cousin Frank. Little Frank and I go and look at the outside of the monument -he is very fond of the monument- and the bridges. When he dies, he says that the only item worth anything to him is a picture of him as a small boy. This he wants given to Frank along with a small message of which he tells how sorry he is for leaving him. He finishes that description of his life on a sour note by saying I failed to find a place in this great assembly, I am better of out of it. Quickly after finishing that story he clears his throat and starts to speak louder. Such is the general impression about me. Now, it is a remarkable circumstance which forms aim and purpose to my story, that this is all wrong. He starts to tell the probably slightly shocked guests, of how this first explanation of his life was a fad, totally unreal. This second story has much more life to it and tells how he once lived with his cold mean but rich uncle in a castle. He used to come down each morning in the freezing cold to be greeted with the same breakfast in the long stone room. When his uncle Chill died Michael automatically inherited his wealth and castle, but Michael fell in love with someone who his uncle disagreed of. His uncle tells him that no longer is he initialled to his money if he marries Christina, so Michael leaves his uncle with his new wife and they start a happy life together. He describes of how where he lives now he does not know what loneliness is, as all his children or grand children are always about, and Little Frank regularly visits. As it turns out this second story is a total lie and the first story that we were told is the truth. Michael is the kind of person that could be lead in the wrong direction easily because all his misfortunes are the result of other people letting him down, so he is easily taken advantage of. That I failed in love, because I was ridiculously trustful- in thinking it impossible that Christina could deceive me. What makes Michael a loser or inadequate in some ways is the loss in his life. At the moment he is fifty-nine years old and is living in a small room that he must evacuate during the day. He survives on a small allowance that John the party host generously gives him. The three main things that turned his life was the loss of his inheritance from his uncle, which was due to him falling in love with Christina who only wanted him for his money. And the loss of his business. That shows how most people treat him, no one seems to have much time for him Sometimes one of my relations or acquaintance is so obliging as t ask me to dinner. Those are on holiday occasions. Out of the whole year he is only invited to dinner about twice or three times. His family know that he is poor, and at holiday time they probably feel that they have to ask him, it is not about wanting him to come. Unlike Mitty I think that Michaels misfortune is mainly his own fault, he cant see deeper than appearance and doesnt know what people think of him, thats how Christina took advantage of him and he cannot see that his relations dont really want him about. Michael dream life is a description of how he would like his real life to be because everything that has gone wrong for him is perfect in his dream. . I think he now realises why so many things went wrong for him but realises that it is a bit late in is life for much to go write in the way that he talks about dying.

Multidisciplinary Team Pain Management

Multidisciplinary Team Pain Management Introduction In spite of advances in pain management (Apfelbaum et al., 2003; Fotiadis et al., 2004; Powell et al., 2004; Wu and Richman, 2004), postoperative pain still remains a major clinical problem confronting healthcare providers (Klopfenstein etal., 2000; Klopper et al., 2006; Sjà ¶strà ¶m, Dahlgren and Haljamà ¤e, 1999). Many patients continue to experience postoperative pain (Gilmartin and Wright, 2007; Manias et al., 2005; Schafheutle et al., 2001) with about 69% of them experiencing moderate to severe pain after surgery (Apfelbaum et al., 2003). According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (1979: 250), pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage described in terms of such damage. This definition emphasises on the subjective nature of the pain experience which can be influenced by multiple factors (International Association for the Study of Pain, 2003). As a result of this, McCaffery (1983: 14) defines pain as whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever she says it does. Apart from pain signifying an actual or potential tissue damage, it is of no significance and leads to detrimental effects (Apfelbaum et al., 2003). Unrelieved postoperative pain can lead to disturbed emotional states, sleep deprivation, reduced physical and social performance, impaired quality of life (Reyes-Gibby, Aday and Cleeland, 2002; Strassels, Cynn and Carr, 2000), patient dissatisfaction (Shang and Gan, 2003), delayed discharge (Rejeh et al, 2008), increased use of healthcare resources (Fortner et al., 2003; Mystakidou et al., 2005; OMahony et al., 2005) and its associated high costs of hospitalisation (Huang et al., 2001). From an ethical point of view, postoperative pain should be properly managed to prevent needless suffering and avoidable complications (Kehlet, 1989), so as to increase function and to improve the quality of life (Goudas et al., 2001; Reyes-Gibby et al., 2002; Strassels et al., 2000). Notwithstanding several barriers prevent the successful management of pain. The aim of this proposal is to justify the need for a study that will explore the barriers to effective postoperative pain management from a multidisciplinary health team approach. The proposal will commence with a literature review on barriers to effective pain management followed by the appropriate research methodology that can be used in carrying out the study. Finally, the contributions of the research in filling the gaps of previous studies will be discussed. Literature Review In spite of numerous studies conducted on the different aspects of pain, the factors that affect pain management have not been completely identified (Rao, 2006). Greater research efforts are therefore required to identify the factors that affect the effective management of pain (Weissman et al., 2004). Barriers to effective pain management have been classified into that of the patient, clinician and the healthcare system (Cleeland, 1987; Joranson, 1993; Von Roenn et al., 1993; Ward et al., 1993;). Specifically, patient-related barriers have been categorised into communication (Glajchen et al., 1995), psychological (Glajchen, 2001) and attitudinal factors (Ward et al., 1993). According to Im, Guevava and Chee (2007), there is poor patient communication concerning pain and undermedication due to language barrier and insufficient money to purchase additional drugs. Psychological issues such as anxiety, distress, depression, anger and dementia have also been shown to cloak the symptoms of pain leading to poor pain management (Glajchen, 2001). Also, patient attitudes serve as the greatest impediment to the effective management of pain. These include fear of addiction (Dar et al., 1992; Ferrell, 1991; Melzak, 1990), tolerance (McCaffery and Beebe, 1989), side effects (Levin et al., 1985), fear of injections (Twycross and Lack, 1984), feelings of fatalism (Diekmann et al., 1989; Levin et al., 1985), association of pain with worsening disease states (Diekmann et al., 1989; Twycross an d Lack, 1984), belief that pain is inevitable and unmanageable (Ward et al., 1993), fear of distracting clinicians from treatment focus (Cleeland, 1987; Diekmann et al., 1989) and the desire to please clinicians (Cleeland, 1987; Twycross and Lack, 1984). On the other hand, insufficient knowledge, poor pain assessment skills, negative attitudes and physician reluctance to prescribe analgesics have also been shown as some of the clinician-barriers to effective pain management (Cleeland, 1993; Von Roenn et al, 1993). A study conducted in Iran revealed that institutional policies and regulations, limited time, poor communication, work overload, powerful physicians and the subjection faced by the nursing profession are some of the nursing-related barriers to postoperative pain management (Rejeh et al., 2008). Another study conducted by Rejeh et al. (2009) also depicted nurses limited authority, poor patient relationship, inadequate educational preparation and the interruptions in pain management measures serve as impediments in the effective management of postoperative pain in Iran. Some of the barriers in the healthcare system include strict regulatory scrutiny (Cleeland et al., 1994), changes in reimbursement policies (in cases where older patients have to pay for the cost of outpatient prescription drugs) (Glajchen et al., 1995), the lack of neighbourhood pharmacies, poor means of transportation and the absence of higher doses of opioids in the health system (Glajchen, 2001). Ultimately, these factors lead to inappropriate selection of analgesics and its subsequent poor management of patients pain (Glajchen, 2001). It can be realised from the literature that, most of the barrier-related studies on pain have mainly been in the form of quantitative studies conducted on chronic conditions such as cancer(Glajchen et al., 1995; Glajchen, 2001; Im et al., 2007; Joranson, 1993; Ward et al., 1993) and AIDS (Brietbart et al., 1998). This approach often leaves the reader in questioning why and how these factors serve as barriers. Moreover, studies conducted on clinician-related barriers (Rejeh et al., 2008; Rejeh et al., 2009; Van Niekerk and Martin, 2003; Von Roen et al., 1993) have always taken a uni-modal approach (either physicians or nurses) while neglecting other professionals such as the anaesthesiologist/ anaesthetist who also play a part in postoperative pain management. By virtue of this, a comprehensive understanding of the barriers that are faced by the multidisciplinary health team involved in postoperative pain management will enable a more targeted approach to improved patient care (Manias etal. 2005; Schafheutle etal. 2001). Research Methodology My research seeks to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors that impede the effective management of postoperative pain from a multidisciplinary health team approach. As a result, a qualitative design will be most appropriate in the conduction of the study in Ghana. The reason for choice of the location is that no previous studies have been conducted on the issue in this geographical area. Prior to the commencement of the study, ethical approval will have to be sought from the various ethics committees of the hospitals that would be included in the study. Some of the ethical issues such as the participants autonomy, confidentiality and anonymity during the study period will be addressed appropriately. All participants would be informed of the purpose and design of the study, as well as the voluntary nature of their participation. Informed consent will be obtained from the participants in the form of writing and will be signed by them to serve as   evidence for their voluntary participation. Semi-structured interviews will be used in collecting the data so as to gain in-depth information to specific questions (Hove and Anda, 2005). Like most qualitative studies, the findings of this study cannot be generalised to other settings but would provide rich information on the barriers faced by health care professionals in managing postoperative pain. This will then pave the way for appropriate strategies to be implement in solving this problem. Healthcare professionals with a minimum of 5-year working experience in surgical units, in major hospitals in each region of Ghana would be included in the study. The reason is to acquire professionals who have sufficient work experience to enable them analyse barriers affecting the management of post-operative pain. Also, purposeful sampling technique will be used for recruiting participants in this study. In the conduct of this study, data collection and analysis will proceed concurrently until the development of themes related to health professionals barriers affecting post-operative pain management is achieved. Data collected will be analysed using content analysis (Morse and Field 1995; Sandelowski, 2000) to generate codes, categories and themes. By means of theoretical sampling, additional participants will be selected until theoretical saturation is achieved and no new information emerges. Participants will be contacted after the analysis and will be given a full transcript of their respective coded interviews with a summary of the emergent themes to determine whether the codes and themes matched their stated barriers. Maximum variation of sampling (in terms of the type of profession, years of working experience) will also enhance the conformability and credibility of data. This sampling strategy will enable the me to capture a vast range of views and experiences (Streubert and Carpenter 2003). Contributions of the Research Conducting a research is not an end in itself, but a means to an end. As a way of finding solutions to the problem of ineffective postoperative pain management, it will be prudent to understand the causes of these barriers so as to devise appropriate strategies. The success or failure of pain management largely depends on factors that influence the health professionals practical care for patients with post-operative pain. The findings of this study will provide insights into the factors that affect the management of postoperative pain from a multidisciplinary health team approach. By so doing, it will not only integrate diverse perceptions but also incorporate other key stakeholders in postoperative pain management (anaesthesiologist/anaesthetist) who have been left out in previous studies. Moreover, the proposed study will contribute to already existing literature by giving appreciable insights on the factors that affect the entire health team in the management of postoperative pain. Also, the involvement of the major stakeholders in postoperative pain management will stimulate the interest of each of the professionals groups thereby enlightening each other about the barriers and how they can be solved. Ultimately, this will improve patient care, enhance staff satisfaction and boost the integrity of our health institutions.